Aura MLS
HNO3 (Upper Troposphere)
Contact: Michelle Santee
Nitric acid (HNO3) plays several pivotal roles in the processes controlling stratospheric ozone depletion. It is a key component of the polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) that form in the very low temperatures of polar winter, removing HNO3 from the gas phase.
PSC particles provide surfaces on which heterogeneous chemical reactions occur, converting chlorine from its reservoir species (e.g., ClONO2, HCl) to the highly reactive forms that participate in the catalytic cycles of ozone destruction (e.g., ClO).
On the other hand, photolysis of HNO3 vapor releases NO2, enabling a major pathway for the deactivation of chlorine, via the reformation of ClONO2 from ClO and NO2. If PSC particles grow large enough, then they can settle out of the lower stratosphere, carrying the HNO3 with them in a process known as denitrification.
Severe denitrification curtails ClONO2 formation, allowing enhanced ClO and thus chemical ozone destruction to persist. Therefore, as a central participant in both the activation and the deactivation of chlorine, HNO3 indirectly regulates the extent, duration, and cumulative magnitude of stratospheric ozone depletion.
How it is part of MLS Science Objectives
One of the main objectives of the Aura mission in general and MLS in particular is to track the stability of stratospheric ozone. Despite international regulations controlling the production of ozone-depleting substances, the ozone layer may not recover as expected.
Potential changes in Earth's climate, including possible cooling and/or moistening of the stratosphere, may increase the prevalence and duration of PSC activity and lead to more severe denitrification, exacerbating chemical ozone loss. Measurement of HNO3 is critical to understanding these issues.
How EOS MLS measures HNO3
The standard product for HNO3 is taken from the 240 GHz retrieval at and below 22 hPa, and from the 190 GHz retrieval at and above 15 hPa.
HNO3 Information from the Spectroscopy Database
Quick Product Information for data version v5
- Swath Name: HNO3
- Status Flag: Only use profiles for which the Status field is an even number.
- Useful Range: 215-1.5 hPa
- (1.0 hPa under enhanced conditions)
- Screening: See v5 data quality document.
- DAAC Short Name: ML2HNO3
- Precision: Only use values for which the estimated precision is a positive number.
- Quality Threshold: See v5 data quality document.
- Convergence Threshold: See v5 data quality document.
Latest Publications (HNO3)
Werner, F., N. Livesey, L. Millán, W. Read, M. Schwartz, P. Wagner, W. Daffer, A. Lambert, S. Tolstoff and M. Santee
Applying machine learning to improve the near-real-time products of the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder
Solomon, S., K. Stone, P. Yu, D.M. Murphy, D. Kinnison, A.R. Ravishankara and P. Wang
Chlorine activation and enhanced ozone depletion induced by wildfire aerosol
Tencé, F., J. Jumelet, M. Bouillon, D. Cugnet, S. Bekki, S. Safieddine, P. Keckhut and A. Sarkissian
14 years of lidar measurements of polar stratospheric clouds at the French Antarctic station Dumont d'Urville
Mironova, I., M. Sinnhuber, G. Bazilevskaya, M. Clilverd, B. Funke, V. Makhmutov, E. Rozanov, M. Santee, T. Sukhodolov and T. Ulich
Exceptional middle latitude electron precipitation detected by balloon observations: implications for atmospheric composition
Roy, R., J. Kuttippurath, F. Lefèvre, S. Raj and P. Kumar
The sudden stratospheric warming and chemical ozone loss in the Antarctic winter 2019: comparison with the winters of 1988 and 2002
Santee, M.L., A. Lambert, G.L. Manney, N.J. Livesey, L. Froidevaux, J.L. Neu, M.J. Schwartz, L.F. Millán, F. Werner, W.G. Read, M. Park, R.A. Fuller and B.M. Ward
Prolonged and Pervasive Perturbations in the Composition of the Southern Hemisphere Midlatitude Lower Stratosphere From the Australian New Year's Fires
Strahan, S., L. Coy, A. Douglass and M. Damon
Faster Tropical Upper Stratospheric Upwelling Drives Changes in Ozone Chemistry
Strahan, S., D. Smale, S. Solomon, G. Taha, M. Damon, S. Steenrod, N. Jones, B. Liley, R. Querel and J. Robinson
Unexpected Repartitioning of Stratospheric Inorganic Chlorine After the 2020 Australian Wildfires
Wespes, C., G. Ronsmans, L. Clarisse, S. Solomon, D. Hurtmans, C. Clerbaux and P. Coheur
Polar stratospheric nitric acid depletion surveyed from a decadal dataset of IASI total columns
Feng, W., S. Dhomse, C. Arosio, M. Weber, J. Burrows, M. Santee and M. Chipperfield
Arctic Ozone Depletion in 2019/20: Roles of Chemistry, Dynamics and the Montreal Protocol
Grooß, J. and R. Müller
Simulation of Record Arctic Stratospheric Ozone Depletion in 2020
Hegglin, M., S. Tegtmeier, J. Anderson, A. Bourassa, S. Brohede, D. Degenstein, L. Froidevaux, B. Funke, J. Gille, Y. Kasai, E. Kyrölä, J. Lumpe, D. Murtagh, J. Neu, K. Pérot, E. Remsberg, A. Rozanov, M. Toohey, J. Urban, T. von Clarmann, K. Walker, H. Wang, C. Arosio, R. Damadeo, R. Fuller, G. Lingenfelser, C. McLinden, D. Pendlebury, C. Roth, N. Ryan, C. Sioris, L. Smith and K. Weigel
Overview and update of the SPARC Data Initiative: comparison of stratospheric composition measurements from satellite limb sounders
Kuttippurath, J., W. Feng, R. Müller, P. Kumar, S. Raj, G. Gopikrishnan and R. Roy
Exceptional loss in ozone in the Arctic winter/spring of 2019/2020
Livesey, N., W. Read, L. Froidevaux, A. Lambert, M. Santee, M. Schwartz, L. Millán, R. Jarnot, P. Wagner, D. Hurst, K. Walker, P. Sheese and G. Nedoluha
Investigation and amelioration of long-term instrumental drifts in water vapor and nitrous oxide measurements from the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder MLS and their implications for studies of variability and trends
Shan, C., H. Zhang, W. Wang, C. Liu, Y. Xie, Q. Hu and N. Jones
Retrieval of Stratospheric HNO3 and HCl Based on Ground-Based High-Resolution Fourier Transform Spectroscopy
Steiner, M., B. Luo, T. Peter, M. Pitts and A. Stenke
Evaluation of polar stratospheric clouds in the global chemistry–climate model SOCOLv3.1 by comparison with CALIPSO spaceborne lidar measurements
Tritscher, I., M.C. Pitts, L.R. Poole, S.P. Alexander, F. Cairo, M.P. Chipperfield, J-U. Grooss, M. Höpfner, A. Lambert, B.P. Luo, S. Molleker, A. Orr, R. Salawitch, M. Snels, R. Spang, W. Woiwode and T. Peter
Polar Stratospheric Clouds Satellite Observations, Processes, and Role in Ozone Depletion
von Gathen, P.D., R. Kivi, I. Wohltmann, R. Salawitch and M. Rex
Climate change favours large seasonal loss of Arctic ozone
Wilka, C., S. Solomon, D. Kinnison and D. Tarasick
An Arctic ozone hole in 2020 if not for the Montreal Protocol
Gordon, E., A. Seppälä and J. Tamminen
Evidence for energetic particle precipitation and quasi-biennial oscillation modulations of the Antarctic NO2 springtime stratospheric column from OMI observations
Inness, A., S. Chabrillat, J. Flemming, V. Huijnen, B. Langenrock, J. Nicolas, I. Polichtchouk and M. Razinger
Exceptionally Low Arctic Stratospheric Ozone in Spring 2020 as Seen in the CAMS Reanalysis
Kuai, L., K. Bowman, K. Miyazaki, M. Deushi, L. Revell, E. Rozanov, F. Paulot, S. Strode, A. Conley, J. Lamarque, P. Jöckel, D. Plummer, L. Oman, H. Worden, S. Kulawik, D. Paynter, A. Stenke and M. Kunze
Attribution of Chemistry-Climate Model Initiative CCMI ozone radiative flux bias from satellites
Manney, G., N. Livesey, M. Santee, L. Froidevaux, A. Lambert, Z. Lawrence, L. Millán, J. Neu, W. Read, M. Schwartz and R. Fuller
Record‐Low Arctic Stratospheric Ozone in 2020: MLS Observations of Chemical Processes and Comparisons With Previous Extreme Winters
Miyazaki, K., K. Bowman, K. Yumimoto, T. Walker and K. Sudo
Evaluation of a multi-model, multi-constituent assimilation framework for tropospheric chemical reanalysis
Nakajima, H., I. Murata, Y. Nagahama, H. Akiyoshi, K. Saeki, T. Kinase, M. Takeda, Y. Tomikawa, E. Dupuy and N. Jones
Chlorine partitioning near the polar vortex edge observed with ground-based FTIR and satellites at Syowa Station, Antarctica, in 2007 and 2011
Schwartz, M., M. Santee, H. Pumphrey, G. Manney, A. Lambert, N. Livesey, L. Millán, J. Neu, W. Read and F. Werner
Australian New Year's PyroCb Impact on Stratospheric Composition
Strahan, S., D. Smale, A. Douglass, T. Blumenstock, J. Hannigan, F. Hase, N. Jones, E. Mahieu, J. Notholt, L. Oman, I. Ortega, M. Palm, M. Prignon, J. Robinson, M. Schneider, R. Sussmann and V. Velazco
Observed Hemispheric Asymmetry in Stratospheric Transport Trends From 1994 to 2018
Wargan, K., B. Weir, G. Manney, S. Cohn and N. Livesey
The Anomalous 2019 Antarctic Ozone Hole in the GEOS Constituent Data Assimilation System With MLS Observations
Errera, Q., S. Chabrillat, Y. Christophe, J. Debosscher, D. Hubert, W. Lahoz, M. Santee, M. Shiotani, S. Skachko, T. von Clarmann and K. Walker
Technical note: Reanalysis of Aura MLS chemical observations
Froidevaux, L., D. Kinnison, R. Wang, J. Anderson and R. Fuller
Evaluation of CESM1 WACCM free-running and specified dynamics atmospheric composition simulations using global multispecies satellite data records
Johansson, S., M. Santee, J. Grooß, M. Höpfner, M. Braun, F. Friedl-Vallon, F. Khosrawi, O. Kirner, E. Kretschmer, H. Oelhaf, J. Orphal, B. Sinnhuber, I. Tritscher, J. Ungermann, K. Walker and W. Woiwode
Unusual chlorine partitioning in the 2015/16 Arctic winter lowermost stratosphere: observations and simulations
Miyazaki, K., T. Sekiya, D. Fu, K.W. Bowman, S.S. Kulawik, K. Sudo, T. Walker, Y. Kanaya, M. Takigawa, K. Ogochi, H. Eskes, K.F. Boersma, A.M. Thompson, B. Gaubert, J. Barre and L.K. Emmons
Balance of Emission and Dynamical Controls on Ozone During the Korea-United States Air Quality Campaign From Multiconstituent Satellite Data Assimilation
Tritscher, I., J. Grooß, R. Spang, M. Pitts, L. Poole, R. Müller and M. Riese
Lagrangian simulation of ice particles and resulting dehydration in the polar winter stratosphere
Woiwode, W., M. Höpfner, L. Bi, F. Khosrawi and M.L. Santee
Vortex‐Wide Detection of Large Aspherical NAT Particles in the Arctic Winter 2011/12 Stratosphere
Zambri, B., S. Solomon, D. Kinnison, M. Mills, A. Schmidt, R. Neely, A. Bourassa, D. Degenstein and C. Roth
Modeled and Observed Volcanic Aerosol Control on Stratospheric NOy and Cly
Johansson, S., W. Woiwode, M. Höpfner, F. Friedl-Vallon, A. Kleinert, E. Kretschmer, T. Latzko, J. Orphal, P. Preusse, J. Ungermann, M. Santee, T. Jurkat-Witschas, A. Marsing, C. Voigt, A. Giez, M. Krämer, C. Rolf, A. Zahn, A. Engel, B. Sinnhuber and H. Oelhaf
Airborne limb-imaging measurements of temperature, HNO3, O3, ClONO2, H2O and CFC-12 during the Arctic winter 2015/2016: characterization, in situ validation and comparison to Aura/MLS
Khosrawi, F., O. Kirner, G. Stiller, M. Höpfner, M. Santee, S. Kellmann and P. Braesicke
Comparison of ECHAM5/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry EMAC simulations of the Arctic winter 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 with Envisat/MIPAS and Aura/MLS observations
Kreyling, D., I. Wohltmann, R. Lehmann and M. Rex
The Extrapolar SWIFT model version 1.0: fast stratospheric ozone chemistry for global climate models
Millán, L., N. Livesey, M. Santee and T. von Clarmann
Characterizing sampling and quality screening biases in infrared and microwave limb sounding
Pitts, M., L. Poole and R. Gonzalez
Polar stratospheric cloud climatology based on CALIPSO spaceborne lidar measurements from 2006 to 2017
Zhu, Y., O. Toon, D. Kinnison, V.L. Harvey, M. Mills, C. Bardeen, M. Pitts, N. Bègue, J. Renard, G. Berthet and F. Jégou
Stratospheric Aerosols, Polar Stratospheric Clouds, and Polar Ozone Depletion After the Mount Calbuco Eruption in 2015
Hegglin, M., S. Tegtmeier, J. Anderson, A. Bourassa, S. Brohede, D. Degenstein, L. Froidevaux, B. Funke, J. Gille, A. Jones, Y. Kasai, E. Kyrola, J. Lumpe, J. Neu, E. Remsberg, A. Rozanov, M. Toohey, J. Urban, T. von Clarmann, K.A. Walker and R. Wang
The SPARC Data Initiative: Assessment of stratospheric trace gas and aerosol climatologies from satellite limb sounders
Khosrawi, F., O. Kirner, B. Sinnhuber, S. Johansson, M. Höpfner, M. Santee, L. Froidevaux, J. Ungermann, R. Ruhnke, W. Woiwode, H. Oelhaf and P. Braesicke
Denitrification, dehydration and ozone loss during the 2015/2016 Arctic winter
Miyazaki, K., H. Eskes, K. Sudo, K.F. Boersma, K. Bowman and Y. Kanaya
Decadal changes in global surface NOx emissions from multi-constituent satellite data assimilation
Miyazaki, K. and K. Bowman
Evaluation of ACCMIP ozone simulations and ozonesonde sampling biases using a satellite-based multi-constituent chemical reanalysis
Park, M., W.J. Randel, D.E. Kinnison, A.E. Bourassa, D.A. Degenstein, C.Z. Roth, C.A. McLinden, C.E. Sioris, N.J. Livesey and M.L. Santee
Variability of Stratospheric Reactive Nitrogen and Ozone Related to the QBO
Santee, M.L., G.L. Manney, N.J. Livesey, M.J. Schwartz, J.L. Neu and W.G. Read
A comprehensive overview of the climatological composition of the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone based on 10 years of Aura Microwave Limb Sounder measurements
Sheese, P., K. Walker, C. Boone, P. Bernath, L. Froidevaux, B. Funke, P. Raspollini and T. von Clarmann
ACE-FTS ozone, water vapour, nitrous oxide, nitric acid, and carbon monoxide profile comparisons with MIPAS and MLS
Wohltmann, I., R. Lehmann and M. Rex
A quantitative analysis of the reactions involved in stratospheric ozone depletion in the polar vortex core
Wohltmann, I., R. Lehmann and M. Rex
Update of the Polar SWIFT model for polar stratospheric ozone loss Polar SWIFT version 2
Zhu, Y., O. Toon, M. Pitts, A. Lambert, C. Bardeen and D. Kinnison
Comparing simulated PSC optical properties with CALIPSO observations during the 2010 Antarctic winter
Zhu, Y., O. Toon, A. Lambert, D. Kinnison, C. Bardeen and M. Pitts
Development of a Polar Stratospheric Cloud Model Within the Community Earth System Model: Assessment of 2010 Antarctic Winter
Andersson, M.E., P.T. Verronen, D.R. Marsh, S.M. Paivarinta and J.M.C. Plane
WACCM-D-Improved modeling of nitric acid and active chlorine during energetic particle precipitation
Damiani, A., B. Funke, M.L. Puertas, M.L. Santee, R.R. Cordero and S. Watanabe
Energetic particle precipitation: A major driver of the ozone budget in the Antarctic upper stratosphere
Duderstadt, K.A., J.E. Dibb, C.H. Jackman, C.E. Randall, N.A. Schwadron, S.C. Solomon and H.E. Spence
Comment on “Atmospheric ionization by high-fluence, hard spectrum solar proton events and their probable appearance in the ice core archive” by A. L. Melott et al.
Gu, Y., H. Liao and J. Bian
Summertime nitrate aerosol in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere over the Tibetan Plateau and the South Asian summer monsoon region
Lambert, A., M. Santee and N. Livesey
Interannual variations of early winter Antarctic polar stratospheric cloud formation and nitric acid observed by CALIOP and MLS
Manney, G. and Z. Lawrence
The major stratospheric final warming in 2016: dispersal of vortex air and termination of Arctic chemical ozone loss
Millan, L., N. Livesey, M. Santee, J. Neu, G. Manney and R. Fuller
Case studies of the impact of orbital sampling on stratospheric trend detection and derivation of tropical vertical velocities: solar occultation vs. limb emission sounding
Nakajima, H., I. Wohltmann, T. Wegner, M. Takeda, M.C. Pitts, L.R. Poole, R. Lehmann, M.L. Santee and M. Rex
Polar Stratospheric Cloud evolution and chlorine activation measured by CALIPSO and MLS, and modelled by ATLAS
Paivarinta, S.M., P.T. Verronen, B. Funke, A. Gardini, A. Seppala and M.E. Andersson
Transport versus energetic particle precipitation: Northern polar stratospheric NOx and ozone in January-March 2012
Sheese, P., K. Walker, C. Boone, C. McLinden, P. Bernath, A. Bourassa, J. Burrows, D. Degenstein, B. Funke, D. Fussen, G. Manney, C.T. McElroy, D. Murtagh, C. Randall, P. Raspollini, A. Rozanov, J. Russell III, M. Suzuki, M. Shiotani, J. Urban, T. von Clarmann and J. Zawodny
Validation of ACE-FTS version 3.5 NOy species profiles using correlative satellite measurements
Skachko, S., R. Menard, Q. Errera, Y. Christophe and S. Chabrillat
EnKF and 4D-Var data assimilation with chemical transport model BASCOE version 05.06
Frankland, V.L., A.D. James, W. Feng and J.M.C. Plane
The uptake of HNO3 on meteoric smoke analogues
Froidevaux, L., J. Anderson, H.J. Wang, R.A. Fuller, M.J. Schwartz, M.L. Santee, N.J. Livesey, H.C. Pumphrey, P.F. Bernath, J.M. Russell III and M.P. McCormick
Global OZone Chemistry And Related trace gas Data records for the Stratosphere GOZCARDS: methodology and sample results with a focus on HCl, H2O, and O3
Kaufmann, M., J. Blank, T. Guggenmoser, J. Ungermann, A. Engel, M. Ern, F. Friedl-Vallon, D. Gerber, J.U. Grooss, G. Guenther, M. Höpfner, A. Kleinert, E. Kretschmer, T. Latzko, G. Maucher, T. Neubert, H. Nordmeyer, H. Oelhaf, F. Olschewski, J. Orphal, P. Preusse, H. Schlager, H. Schneider, D. Schuettemeyer, F. Stroh, O. Suminska-Ebersoldt, B. Vogel, C.M. Volk, W. Woiwode and M. Riese
Retrieval of three-dimensional small-scale structures in upper-tropospheric/lower-stratospheric composition as measured by GLORIA
Kirner, O., R. Muller, R. Ruhnke and H. Fischer
Contribution of liquid, NAT and ice particles to chlorine activation and ozone depletion in Antarctic winter and spring
Kuttippurath, J., S. Godin-Beekmann, F. Lefevre, M.L. Santee, L. Froidevaux and A. Hauchecorne
Variability in Antarctic ozone loss in the last decade 2004-2013: high-resolution simulations compared to Aura MLS observations
Liberto, L.D., R. Lehmann, I. Tritscher, F. Fierli, J.L. Mercer, M. Snels, G.D. Donfrancesco, T. Deshler, B.P. Luo, J. Grooß, E. Arnone, B.M. Dinelli and F. Cairo
Lagrangian analysis of microphysical and chemical processes in the Antarctic stratosphere: a case study
Manney, G., Z. Lawrence, M. Santee, W. Read, N. Livesey, A. Lambert, L. Froidevaux, H. Pumphrey and M. Schwartz
A minor sudden stratospheric warming with a major impact: Transport and polar processing in the 2014/2015 Arctic winter
Manney, G.L., Z.D. Lawrence, M.L. Santee, N.J. Livesey, A. Lambert and M.C. Pitts
Polar processing in a split vortex: Arctic ozone loss in early winter 2012/2013
Miyazaki, K., H.J. Eskes and K. Sudo
A tropospheric chemistry reanalysis for the years 2005–2012 based on an assimilation of OMI, MLS, TES, and MOPITT satellite data
Pendlebury, D., D. Plummer, J. Scinocca, P. Sheese, K. Strong, K. Walker and D. Degenstein
Comparison of the CMAM30 data set with ACE-FTS and OSIRIS: polar regions
Schwartz, M.J., G.L. Manney, M.I. Hegglin, N.J. Livesey, M.L. Santee and W.H. Daffer
Climatology and variability of trace gases in extratropical double-tropopause regions from MLS, HIRDLS, and ACE-FTS measurements
Zhu, Y., O. Toon, A. Lambert, D. Kinnison, M. Brakebusch, C. Bardeen, M. Mills and J. English
Development of a Polar Stratospheric Cloud Model within the Community Earth System Model using constraints on Type I PSCs from the 2010-2011 Arctic winter
Engel, I., B.P. Luo, S.M. Khaykin, F.G. Wienhold, H. Vomel, R. Kivi, C.R. Hoyle, J.U. Grooss, M.C. Pitts and T. Peter
Arctic stratospheric dehydration – Part 2: Microphysical modeling
Miyazaki, K., H.J. Eskes, K. Sudo and C. Zhang
Global lightning NOx production estimated by an assimilation of multiple satellite data sets
Brakebusch, M., C.E. Randall, D.E. Kinnison, S. Tilmes, M.L. Santee and G.L. Manney
Evaluation of Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model simulations of ozone during Arctic winter 2004–2005
Fiorucci, I., G. Muscari, L. Froidevaux and M.L. Santee
Ground-based stratospheric O3 and HNO3 measurements at Thule, Greenland: an intercomparison with Aura MLS observations
Pitts, M.C., L.R. Poole, A. Lambert and L.W. Thomason
An assessment of CALIOP polar stratospheric cloud composition classification
Wohltmann, I., T. Wegner, R. Mueller, R. Lehmann, M. Rex, G.L. Manney, M.L. Santee, P. Bernath, O. Suminska-Ebersoldt, F. Strohl, M. von Hobe, C.M. Volk, E. Hoesen, F. Ravegnani, A. Ulanovsky and V. Yushkov
Uncertainties in modelling heterogeneous chemistry and Arctic ozone depletion in the winter 2009/2010
Blessmann, D., I. Wohldmann, R. Lehmann and M. Rex
Persistence of ozone anomalies in the Arctic stratospheric vortex in autumn
Blunden, J. and D.S. Arndt
State of the Climate in 2011
Jones, A., K.A. Walker, J.J. Jin, J.R. Taylor, C.D. Boone, P.F. Bernath, S. Brohede, G.L. Manney, S. McLeod, R. Hughes and W.H. Daffer
Technical Note: A trace gas climatology derived from the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer ACE-FTS data set
Kuttippurath, J., S. Godin-Beekmann, F. Lefevre, G. Nikulin, M.L. Santee and L. Froidevaux
Record-breaking ozone loss in the Arctic winter 2010/2011: comparison with 1996/1997
Kvissel, O.K., Y.J. Orsolini, F. Stordal, I.S.A. Isaksen and M.L. Santee
Formation of stratospheric nitric acid by a hydrated ion cluster reaction: Implications for the effect of energetic particle precipitation on the middle atmosphere
Lambert, A., M.L. Santee, D.L. Wu and J.H. Chae
A-Train CALIOP and MLS observations of early winter Antarctic polar stratospheric clouds and nitric acid in 2008
Miyazaki, K., H.J. Eskes, K. Sudo, M. Takigawa, M. van Weele and K.F. Boersma
Simultaneous assimilation of satellite NO2, O3, CO, and HNO3 data for the analysis of tropospheric chemical composition and emissions
Sovde, O.A., M.J. Prather, I.S.A. Isaksen, T.K. Berntsen, F. Stordal, X. Zhu, C.D. Holmes and J. Hsu
The chemical transport model Oslo CTM3
Wegner, T., J.U. Grooss, M. von Hobe, F. Stroh, O. Suminska-Ebersoldt, C.M. Volk, E. Hosen, V. Mitev, G. Shur and R. Mueller
Heterogeneous chlorine activation on stratospheric aerosols and clouds in the Arctic polar vortex
Feng, W., M.P. Chipperfield, S. Davies, G.W. Mann, K.S. Carslaw, S. Dhomse, L. Harvey, C. Randall and M.L. Santee
Modelling the effect of denitrification on polar ozone depletion for Arctic winter 2004/2005
Fiorucci, I., G. Muscari and R.L. de Zafra
Revising the retrieval technique of a long-term stratospheric HNO3 data set: from a constrained matrix inversion to the optimal estimation algorithm
Jackman, C.H., D.R. Marsh, F.M. Vitt, R.G. Roble, C.E. Randall, P.F. Bernath, B. Funke, M. Lopez-Puertas, S. Versick, G.P. Stiller, A.J. Tylka and E.L. Flemming
Northern Hemisphere atmospheric influence of the solar proton events and ground level enhancement in January 2005
Khosrawi, F., J. Urban, M.C. Pitts, P. Voelger, P. Achtert, M. Kaphlanov, M.L. Santee, G.L. Manney, D. Murtagh and K.H. Fricke
Denitrification and polar stratospheric cloud formation during the Arctic winter 2009/2010
Kohma, M. and K. Sato
The effects of atmospheric waves on the amounts of polar stratospheric clodus
Laat, A.T.J.d. and M. van Weele
The 2010 Antarctic ozone hole: Observed reduction in ozone destruction by minor sudden stratospheric warmings
Manney, G.L., M.I. Hegglin, W.H. Daffer, M.L. Santee, E.A. Ray, S. Pawson, M.J. Schwartz, C.D. Boone, L. Froidevaux, N.J. Livesey, W.G. Read and K.A. Walker
Jet characterization in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere UTLS: applications to climatology and transport studies
Manney, G.L., M.L. Santee, M. Rex, N.J. Livesey, M.C. Pitts, P. Veefkind, E.R. Nash, I. Wohltmann, R. Lehmann, L. Froidevaux, L.R. Poole, M.R. Schoeberl, D.P. Haffner, J. Davies, V. Dorokhov, H. Gernandt, B. Johnson, R. Kivi, E. Kyro, N. Larsen, P.F. Levelt, A. Makshtas, C.T. McElroy, H. Nakajima, M.C. Parrondo, D.W. Tarasick, P.D. von Gathen, K.A. Walker and N.S. Zinoviev
Unprecedented Arctic ozone loss in 2011
Santee, M.L., G.L. Manney, N.J. Livesey, L. Froidevaux, M.J. Schwartz and W.G. Read
Trace gas evolution in the lowermost stratosphere from Aura Microwave Limb Sounder measurements
Verronen, P.T., M.L. Santee, G.L. Manney, R. Lehmann, S. Salmi and A. Seppälä
Nitric acid enhancements in the mesosphere during the January 2005 and December 2006 solar proton events
Chauhan, S., M. Hoepfner, G.P. Stiller, T. von Clarmann, B. Funke, N. Glatthor, U. Grabowski, A. Linden, S. Kellmann, M. Milz, T. Steck, H. Fischer, L. Froidevaux, A. Lambert, M. Santee, M. Schwartz, W.G. Read and N.J. Livesey
MIPAS reduced spectral resolution UTLS-1 mode measurements of temperature, O3, HNO3, N2O, H2O and relative humidity over ice: retrievals and comparison to MLS
Jumelet, J., S. Bekki, P. Seifert, N. Montoux, J.P. Vernier and J. Pelon
Microphysical modeling of a midlatitude “polar stratospheric cloud” event: Comparisons against multiwavelength ground-based and spaceborne lidar data
Pitts, M.C., L.R. Poole and L.W. Thomason
CALIPSO polar stratospheric cloud observations: second-generation detection algorithm and composition discrimination
Popp, P.J., T.P. Marcy, R.S. Gau, L.A. Watts, D.W. Fahey, E.C. Richard, S.J. Oltmans, M.L. Santee, N.J. Livesey, L. Froidevaux, B. Sen, G.C. Toon, K.A. Walker, C.D. Boone and P.F. Bernath
Stratospheric correlation between nitric acid and ozone
Urban, J., M. Pommier, D.P. Murtagh, M.L. Santee and Y.J. Orsolini
Nitric acid in the stratosphere based on Odin observations from 2001 to 2009 - Part 1: A global climatology
Wespes, C., D. Hurtmans, C. Clerbaux, M.L. Santee, R.V. Martin and P.F. Coheur
Global distributions of nitric acid from IASI/MetOP measurements
Coffey, M.T., J.W. Hannigan, A. Goldman, D.E. Kinnison, J.C. Gille, J. Barnett, L. Froidevaux, A. Lambert, M.L. Santee, N.J. Livesey, B.M. Fisher, S.S. Kulawik and R. Beer
Airborne Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS) observations in support of EOS Aura validation
Kinnison, D.E., J.C. Gille, J.J. Barnett, C.E. Randall, V.L. Harvey, A. Lambert, R. Khosravi, M.J. Alexander, P.F. Bernath, C.D. Boone, C. Cavanaugh, M.T. Coffey, C. Craig, V. Dean, T. Eden, D. Ellis, D.W. Fahey, G. Francis, C. Halvorson, J.W. Hannigan, C. Hartsough, C. Hepplewhite, C. Krinsky, H. Lee, W.G. Mankin, T. Marcy, S.T. Massie, B. Nardi, D. Packman, P.J. Popp, M.L. Santee, V. Yudin and K.A. Walker
Global Observations of HNO3 from the High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder (HIRDLS): First results
Manson, A.H., C.E. Meek and T. Chshyolkova
Regional stratospheric warmings in the Pacific-Western Canada (PWC) sector during winter 2004/2005: implications for temperatures, winds, chemical constituents and the characterization of the Polar vortex
Santee, M.L., I.A. MacKenzie, G.L. Manney, M.P. Chipperfield, P.F. Bernath, K.A. Walker, C.D. Boone, L. Froidevaux, N.J. Livesey and J.W. Waters
A study of stratospheric chlorine partitioning based on new
Wolff, M.A., T. Kerzenmacher, K. Strong, K.A. Walker, M. Toohey, E. Dupuy, P.F. Bernath, C.D. Boone, S. Brohede, V. Catoire, T. von Clarmann, M. Coffey, W.H. Daffer, M. De Maziere, P. Duchatelet, N. Glatthor, J. Hannigan, F. Hase, M. Hopfner, N. Huret, N. Jones, K. Jucks, A. Kagawa, Y. Kasai, I. Kramer, H. Kullmann, J. Kuttippurath, E. Mahieu, G. Manney, C.T. McElroy, C. McLinden, Y. Mebarki, S. Mikuteit, D. Murtagh, C. Piccolo, P. Raspollini, M. Ridolfi, R. Ruhnke, M. Santee, C. Senten, D. Smale, C. Tetard, J. Urban and S. Wood
Validation of HNO3, ClONO2, and N2O5 from the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS)
Manney, G.L., W.H. Daffer, J.M. Zawodny, P.F. Bernath, K.W. Hoppel, K.A. Walker, B.W. Knosp, C. Boone, E.E. Remsberg, M.L. Santee, V. Lynn Harvey, S. Pawson, D.R. Jackson, L. Deaver, C.T. McElroy, C.A. McLinden, J.R. Drummond, H.C. Pumphrey, A. Lambert, M.J. Schwartz, L. Froidevaux, S. McLeod, L.L. Takacs, M.J. Suarez, C.R. Trepte, D.T. Cuddy, N.J. Livesey, R.S. Harwood and J.W. Waters
Solar Occultation Satellite Data and Derived Meteorological Products: Sampling Issues and Comparisons with Aura MLS
Pitts, M.C., L.W. Thomason, L.R. Poole and D.M. Winker
Characterization of Polar Stratospheric Clouds with spaceborne lidar: CALIPSO and the 2006 Antarctic season
Santee, M.L., A. Lambert, W.G. Read, N.J. Livesey, R.E. Cofield, D.T. Cuddy, W.H. Daffer, B.J. Drouin, L. Froidevaux, R.A. Fuller, R.F. Jarnot, B.W. Knosp, G.L. Manney, V.S. Perun, W.V. Snyder, P.C. Stek, R.P. Thurstans, P.A. Wagner, J.W. Waters, G. Muscari, R.L. deZafra, J.E. Dibb, D.W. Fahey, P.J. Popp, T.P. Marcy, K.W. Jucks, G.C. Toon, R.A. Stachnik, P.F. Bernath, C.D. Boone, K.A. Walker, J. Urban and D. Murtagh
Validation of Aura Microwave Limb Sounder HNO3 Measurements
Wang, D.Y., C.S. Singleton, G. Mengistu Tsidu, G.P. Stiller, T. von Clarmann, H. Fischer, T. Blumenstock, N. Glatthor, U. Grabowski, F. Hase, S. Kellmann, A. Linden, M. Milz, H. Oelhaf, M. Schneider, T. Steck, G. Wetzel, M. pez-Puertas, B. Funke, M.E. Koukouli, H. Nakajima, T. Sugita, H. Irie, J. Urban, D. Murtagh, M.L. Santee, G. Toon, M.R. Gunson, F.W. Irion, C.D. Boone, K. Walker and P.F. Bernath
Validation of nitric acid retrieved by the IMK-IAA processor from MIPAS/ENVISAT measurements
Barret, B., P. Ricaud, M.L. Santee, J-L. Attie, J. Urban, E. Le Flochmoen, G. Berthet, D. Murtagh, P. Eriksson, A. Jones, J. de La Noe, E. Dupuy, L. Froidevaux, N.J. Livesey, J.W. Waters and M.J. Filipiak
Intercomparisons of Trace Gas Profiles from the Odin/SMR and Aura/MLS Limb Sounders
Cofield, R.E. and P.C. Stek
Design and field-of-view calibration of 114-660 GHz optics of the Earth Observing System Microwave Limb Sounder
Froidevaux, L., N.J. Livesey, W.G. Read, Y.B. Jiang, C.J. Jimenez, M.J. Filipiak, M.J. Schwartz, M.L. Santee, H.C. Pumphrey, J.H. Jiang, D.L. Wu, G.L. Manney, B.J. Drouin, J.W. Waters, E.J. Fetzer, P.F. Bernath, C.D. Boone, K.A. Walker, K.W. Jucks, G.C. Toon, J.J. Margitan, B. Sen, C.R. Webster, L.E. Christensen, J.W. Elkins, E. Atlas, R.A. Lueb and R. Hendershot
Early validation analyses of atmospheric profiles from EOS MLS on the Aura satellite
Irie, H., T. Sugita, H. Nakajima, T. Yokota, H. Oelhaf, G. Wetzel, G.C. Toon, B. Sen, M.L. Santee, Y. Terao, N. Saitoh, M.K. Ejiri, T. Tanaka, Y. Kondo, H. Kanzawa, H. Kobayashi and Y. Sasano
Validation of stratospheric nitric acid concentration profiles observed by Improved Limb Atmospheric Sectrometer (ILAS)-II
Schoeberl, M.R., S.R. Kawa, A.R. Douglass, T.J. McGee, E.V. Browell, J.W. Waters, N.J. Livesey, W.G. Read, L. Froidevaux, M.L. Santee, H.C. Pumphrey, L.R. Lait and L. Twigg
Chemical Observations of a Polar Vortex Intrusion
Davies, S., G.W. Mann, K.S. Carslaw, M.P. Chipperfield, J.A. Kettleborough, M.L. Santee, H. Oelhaf, G. Wetzel, Y. Sasano and T. Sugita
3D microphysical model studies of Arctic denitrification: Comparison with observation
Orsolini, Y.J., G.L. Manney, M.L. Santee and C.E. Randall
An upper stratospheric layer of enhanced HNO3 following exceptional solar storms
Santee, M.L., G.L. Manney, N.J. Livesey, L. Froidevaux, H.C. Pumphrey, W.G. Read, M.J. Schwartz and J.W. Waters
Polar processing and development of the 2004 Antarctic ozone hole: First results from Aura MLS
Drouin, B.J., J.L. Fry and C.E. Miller
Rotational Spectrum of cis-cis HOONO
Santee, M.L., G.L. Manney, N.J. Livesey and W.G. Read
Three-dimensional structure and evolution of stratospheric HNO3 based on UARS Microwave Limb Sounder measurements
Danilin, M.Y., M K.W. Ko, R.M. Bevilacqua, L.V. Lyjak, L. Froidevaux, M.L. Santee, J.M. Zawodny, K.W. Hoppel, E.C. Richard, J.R. Spackman, E.M. Weinstock, R.L. Herman, K.A. McKinney, P.O. Wennberg, F.L. Eisele, R.M. Stimpfle, C.J. Scott, J.W. Elkins and T.V. Bui
Comparison of ER-2 aircraft and POAM-III, MLS, and SAGE II satellite measurements during SOLVE using traditional correlative analysis and trajectory hunting techniques
Danilin, M.Y., M K.W. Ko, L. Froidevaux, M.L. Santee, L.V. Lyjak, R.M. Bevilacqua, J.M. Zawodny, Y. Sasano, H. Irie, Y. Kondo, J.M. Russell III, C.J. Scott and W.G. Read
Trajectory hunting as an effective technique to validate multiplatform measurements: Analysis of the MLS, HALOE, SAGE-II, ILAS, and POAM-II data in October-November 1996
Muscari, G., M.L. Santee and R.L. de Zafra
Intercomparison of stratospheric HNO3 over Antarctica: Ground-based Millimeter-wave versus UARS/MLS Version 5 retrievals
Santee, M.L., A. Tabazadeh, G.L. Manney, M.D. Fromm, R.M. Bevilacqua, J.W. Waters and E.J. Jensen
A Lagrangian approach to studying Arctic polar stratospheric clouds using UARS MLS HNO3 and POAM II aerosol extinction measurements
Santee, M.L., G.L. Manney, N.J. Livesey and J.W. Waters
UARS Microwave Limb Sounder Observations of Denitrification and Ozone Loss in the 2000 Arctic Late Winter
Tabazadeh, A., M.L. Santee, M.Y. Danilin, H.C. Pumphrey, P.A. Newman, P.J. Hamill and J.L. Mergenthaler
Quantifying Denitrification and Its Effect on Ozone Recovery
Dessler, A.E., J. Wu, M.L. Santee and M.R. Schoeberl
Satellite observations of temporary and irreversible denitrification
Randel, W.J., F. Wu, J.M. Russell III and J. Waters
Space-time patterns of trends in stratospheric constituents derived from UARS measurements
Santee, M.L., G.L. Manney, L. Froidevaux, W.G. Read and J.W. Waters
Six years of UARS Microwave Limb Sounder HNO3 observations:
Ricaud, P., E. Monnier, F. Goutail, J.P. Pommereau, C. David, S. Godin, L. Froidevaux, J.W. Waters, J. Mergenthaler, A.E. Roche, H. Pumphrey and M.P. Chipperfield
Stratosphere over Dumont d
Santee, M.L., A. Tabazadeh, G.L. Manney, R.J. Salawitch, L. Froidevaux, W.G. Read and J.W. Waters
UARS MLS HNO3 observations: Implications for Antarctic PSCs
Engel, A., U. Schmidt and R.A. Stachnik
Partitioning Between Chlorine Reservoir Species Deduced from Observations in the Arctic Winter Stratosphere
Massie, S.T., J.E. Dye, D. Baumbardner, W.J. Randel, F. Wu, X.X. Tie, L. Pan, F. Figarol, G.P. Brasseur, M.L. Santee, W.G. Read, R.G. Grainger, A. Lambert, J.L. Mergenthaler and A. Tabazadeh
Simultaneous observations of Polar Stratospheric Clouds and HNO3 over Scandinavia in January, 1992
Santee, M.L., G.L. Manney, L. Froidevaux, R.W. Zurek and J.W. Waters
MLS observations of ClO and HNO3 in the 1996-97 Arctic polar vortex
Kumer, J.B., J.L. Mergenthaler, A.E. Roche, R.W. Nightingale, G.A. Ely, W.G. Uplinger, J.C. Gille, S.T. Massie, P.L. Bailey, M.R. Gunson, M.C. Abrams, G.C. Toon, B. Sen, J. Blavier, R.A. Stachnik, C.R. Webster, R.D. May, D.G. Murcray, F.J. Murcray, A. Goldman, W.A. Traub, K.W. Jucks and D.G. Johnson
Comparison of correlative data with HNO3 version 7 from the CLAES instrument deployed on the NASA Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite
Santee, M.L., W.G. Read, J.W. Waters, L. Froidevaux, G.L. Manney, D.A. Flower, R.F. Jarnot, R.S. Harwood and G.E. Peckham
Interhemispheric differences in polar stratospheric HNO3, H2O, ClO and O3