Aura MLS

CO

Contact: Michael Schwartz for Troposphere, Hugh Pumphrey for stratosphere, mesosphere

CO is a long-lived tracer that is valuable for diagnosing atmospheric transport and identifying the source of air masses.

CO in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere results from the lofting of polluted air from near the Earth's surface. CO in the upper stratosphere and mesosphere has descended from the thermosphere, where it is produced by the photodissociation of CO2.

How it is part of MLS Science Objectives

As a long-lived tracer, CO is valuable for diagnosing atmospheric transport and identifying the source of air masses. The MLS CO data help quantify long-range transport of pollution in the upper troposphere and the impact of upwelling from the troposphere and downwelling from the mesosphere on stratospheric chemistry.

How EOS MLS measures CO

Carbon monoxide is retrieved from radiance measurements of two bands in the MLS 240GHz radiometer.

CO Information from the Spectroscopy Database

Quick Product Information for data version v5

  • Swath Name: CO
  • Status Flag: Only use profiles for which the Status field is an even number.
  • Useful Range: 215-0.001 hPa
  • DAAC Short Name: ML2CO
  • Precision: Only use values for which the estimated precision is a positive number.
  • Quality Threshold: >1.5
  • Convergence Threshold: <1.03

Download Aura MLS CO v5 data

Latest Publications (CO)

  1. Werner, F., N. Livesey, L. Millán, W. Read, M. Schwartz, P. Wagner, W. Daffer, A. Lambert, S. Tolstoff and M. Santee
    Applying machine learning to improve the near-real-time products of the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder
    Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions doi:10.5194/egusphere-2023-101, in review
  2. Liang, Z., F. Zhu, T. Liang, F. Luo and J. Luo
    Spatiotemporal Distribution of CO in the UTLS Region in the Asian Summer Monsoon Season: Analysis of MLS Observations and CMIP6 Simulations
    Remote Sens. doi:10.3390/rs15020367, 2023
  3. Eswaraiah, S., K. Seo, K. Kumar, M. Ratnam, A. Koval, J. Jeong, C. Mengist, Y. Lee, K. Greer, J. Hwang, W. Lee, M. Pramitha, G.V. Chalapathi, M.V. Reddy and Y. Kim
    Anthropogenic Influence on the Antarctic Mesospheric Cooling Observed during the Southern Hemisphere Minor Sudden Stratospheric Warming
    Atmosphere doi:10.3390/atmos13091475, 2022
  4. Kumar, A.H., M.V. Ratnam and C. Jain
    Influence of background dynamics on the vertical distribution of trace gases CO/WV/O3 in the UTLS region during COVID-19 lockdown over India
  5. Manney, G., L. Millán, M. Santee, K. Wargan, A. Lambert, J. Neu, F. Werner, Z. Lawrence, M. Schwartz, N. Livesey and W. Read
    Signatures of Anomalous Transport in the 2019/2020 Arctic Stratospheric Polar Vortex
    Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres doi:10.1029/2022jd037407, 2022
  6. Medvedeva, I., A. Tatarnikov, I. Edemsky and A. Saunkin
    Studying variations in atmospheric constituents over the Baikal Natural Territory from the long-term data of Aura MLS measurements
    SPIE Proceeding doi:10.1117/12.2644834, 2022
  7. Pan, L., D. Kinnison, Q. Liang, M. Chin, M. Santee, J. Flemming, W. Smith, S. Honomichl, J. Bresch, L. Lait, Y. Zhu, S. Tilmes, P. Colarco, J. Warner, A. Vuvan, C. Clerbaux, E. Atlas, P. Newman, T. Thornberry, W. Randel and O. Toon
    A Multimodel Investigation of Asian Summer Monsoon UTLS Transport Over the Western Pacific
    Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres doi:10.1029/2022jd037511, 2022
  8. Peng, K., J. Luo, J. Mu, X. Cao, H. Tian, L. Shang and Y. Guo
    Impact of intensity variability of the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone on the chemical distribution in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere
    Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters 10.1016/j.aosl.2021.100144, 2022
  9. Qie, K., W. Wang, W. Tian, R. Huang, M. Xu, T. Wang and Y. Peng
    Enhanced upward motion through the troposphere over the tropical western Pacific and its implications for the transport of trace gases from the troposphere to the stratosphere
    Atmos. Chem. Phys. doi:10.5194/acp-22-4393-2022, 2022
  10. Santee, M.L., A. Lambert, G.L. Manney, N.J. Livesey, L. Froidevaux, J.L. Neu, M.J. Schwartz, L.F. Millán, F. Werner, W.G. Read, M. Park, R.A. Fuller and B.M. Ward
    Prolonged and Pervasive Perturbations in the Composition of the Southern Hemisphere Midlatitude Lower Stratosphere From the Australian New Year's Fires
    Geophys. Res. Lett. doi:10.1029/2021gl096270, 2022
  11. Babu, S.R., M.V. Ratnam, G. Basha, S. Pani and N. Lin
    Structure, dynamics, and trace gas variability within the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone in the extreme El Niño of 2015–2016
    Atmos. Chem. Phys. doi:10.5194/acp-21-5533-2021, 2021
  12. Bossolasco, A., F. Jegou, P. Sellitto, G. Berthet, C. Kloss and B. Legras
    Global modeling studies of composition and decadal trends of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer
    Atmos. Chem. Phys. doi:10.5194/acp-21-2745-2021, 2021
  13. He, X., J. Luo, X. Xu, L. Ren, H. Tian, L. Shang and P. Xu
    The QBO Modulation on CO Distribution in the UTLS Over the Asian Monsoon Region During Boreal Summer
    Front. Earth Sci. doi:10.3389/feart.2021.625990, 2021
  14. Hegglin, M., S. Tegtmeier, J. Anderson, A. Bourassa, S. Brohede, D. Degenstein, L. Froidevaux, B. Funke, J. Gille, Y. Kasai, E. Kyrölä, J. Lumpe, D. Murtagh, J. Neu, K. Pérot, E. Remsberg, A. Rozanov, M. Toohey, J. Urban, T. von Clarmann, K. Walker, H. Wang, C. Arosio, R. Damadeo, R. Fuller, G. Lingenfelser, C. McLinden, D. Pendlebury, C. Roth, N. Ryan, C. Sioris, L. Smith and K. Weigel
    Overview and update of the SPARC Data Initiative: comparison of stratospheric composition measurements from satellite limb sounders
    Earth System Science Data doi:10.5194/essd-13-1855-2021, 2021
  15. Karagodin-Doyennel, A., E. Rozanov, A. Kuchar, W. Ball, P. Arsenovic, E. Remsberg, P. Jöckel, M. Kunze, D. Plummer, A. Stenke, D. Marsh, D. Kinnison and T. Peter
    The response of mesospheric H2O and CO to solar irradiance variability in models and observations
    Atmos. Chem. Phys. doi:10.5194/acp-21-201-2021, 2021
  16. Kloss, C., P. Sellitto, M. von Hobe, G. Berthet, D. Smale, G. Krysztofiak, C. Xue, C. Qiu, F. Jégou, I. Ouerghemmi and B. Legras
    Australian Fires 2019–2020: Tropospheric and Stratospheric Pollution Throughout the Whole Fire Season
    Front. Environ. Sci doi:10.3389/fenvs.2021.652024, 2021
  17. Park, M., H. Worden, D. Kinnison, B. Gaubert, S. Tilmes, L. Emmons, M. Santee, L. Froidevaux and C. Boone
    Fate of pollution emitted during the 2015 Indonesian Fire Season
    Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres doi:10.1029/2020jd033474, 2021
  18. Pumphrey, H., M. Schwartz, M. Santee, G. Kablick III, M. Fromm and N. Livesey
    Microwave Limb Sounder MLS observations of biomass burning products in the stratosphere from Canadian forest fires in August 2017
    Atmos. Chem. Phys. doi:10.5194/acp-21-16645-2021, 2021
  19. Tinney, E. and C. Homeyer
    A 13‐year Trajectory‐Based Analysis of Convection‐Driven Changes in Upper Troposphere Lower Stratosphere Composition Over the United States
    Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres doi:10.1029/2020jd033657, 2021
  20. von Gathen, P.D., R. Kivi, I. Wohltmann, R. Salawitch and M. Rex
    Climate change favours large seasonal loss of Arctic ozone
    Nature Communications doi:10.1038/s41467-021-24089-6, 2021
  21. French, W.J.R., F. Mulligan and A. Klekociuk
    Analysis of 24 years of mesopause region OH rotational temperature observations at Davis, Antarctica – Part 1: long-term trends
    Atmos. Chem. Phys. doi:10.5194/acp-20-6379-2020, 2020
  22. Girach, I., P. Nair, N. Ojha and L. Sahu
    Tropospheric carbon monoxide over the northern Indian Ocean during winter: influence of inter-continental transport
    Climate Dynamics doi:10.1007/s00382-020-05269-4, 2020
  23. Grieco, F., K. Pérot, D. Murtagh, P. Eriksson, P. Forkman, B. Rydberg, B. Funke, K. Walker and H. Pumphrey
    Recovery and validation of Odin/SMR long-term measurements of mesospheric carbon monoxide
    Atmospheric Measurement Techniques doi:10.5194/amt-13-5013-2020, 2020
  24. Honomichl, S. and L. Pan
    Transport From the Asian Summer Monsoon Anticyclone Over the Western Pacific
    Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres doi:10.1029/2019jd032094, 2020
  25. Kablick, G.P., D.R. Allen, M.D. Fromm and G.E. Nedoluha
    Australian pyroCb smoke generates synoptic‐scale stratospheric anticyclones
    Geophys. Res. Lett. doi:10.1029/2020gl088101, 2020
  26. Schoeberl, M.R., L. Pfister, T. Wang, J. Kummer, A.E. Dessler and W. Yu
    Erythemal Radiation, Column Ozone, and the North American Monsoon
    Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres doi:10.1029/2019jd032283, 2020
  27. Schwartz, M., M. Santee, H. Pumphrey, G. Manney, A. Lambert, N. Livesey, L. Millán, J. Neu, W. Read and F. Werner
    Australian New Year's PyroCb Impact on Stratospheric Composition
    Geophys. Res. Lett. doi:10.1029/2020gl090831, 2020
  28. Tweedy, O., L. Oman and D. Waugh
    Seasonality of the MJO impact on upper troposphere/lower stratosphere temperature, circulation and composition.
    Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences doi:10.1175/jas-d-19-0183.1, 2020
  29. Errera, Q., S. Chabrillat, Y. Christophe, J. Debosscher, D. Hubert, W. Lahoz, M. Santee, M. Shiotani, S. Skachko, T. von Clarmann and K. Walker
    Technical note: Reanalysis of Aura MLS chemical observations
    Atmos. Chem. Phys. doi:10.5194/acp-19-13647-2019, 2019
  30. Harvey, V.L., C. Randall, E. Becker, A. Smith, C. Bardeen, J. France and L. Goncharenko
    Evaluation of the Mesospheric Polar Vortices in WACCM
    Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 10.1029/2019jd030727, 2019
  31. Miyazaki, K., T. Sekiya, D. Fu, K.W. Bowman, S.S. Kulawik, K. Sudo, T. Walker, Y. Kanaya, M. Takigawa, K. Ogochi, H. Eskes, K.F. Boersma, A.M. Thompson, B. Gaubert, J. Barre and L.K. Emmons
    Balance of Emission and Dynamical Controls on Ozone During the Korea-United States Air Quality Campaign From Multiconstituent Satellite Data Assimilation
    Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres doi:10.1029/2018jd028912, 2019
  32. RavindraBabu, S., M. Ratnam, G. Basha, Y. Liou and N. Reddy
    Large Anomalies in the Tropical Upper Troposphere Lower Stratosphere UTLS Trace Gases Observed during the Extreme 2015–16 El Niño Event by Using Satellite Measurements
    Remote Sens. doi:10.3390/rs11060687, 2019
  33. Ryan, N., M. Palm, C. Hoffmann, J. Goliasch and J. Notholt
    Ground-based millimetre-wave measurements of middle-atmospheric carbon monoxide above Ny-Alesund 78.9 degrees N, 11.9 degrees E
    Atmospheric Measurement Techniques doi:10.5194/amt-12-4077-2019, 2019
  34. Stanfield, R., H. Su, J. Jiang, S. Freitas, A. Molod, Z. Luo, L. Huang and M. Luo
    Convective Entrainment Rates Estimated From Aura CO and CloudSat/CALIPSO Observations and Comparison With GEOS‐5
    Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres doi:10.1029/2019jd030846, 2019
  35. Wang, Y., V. Shulga, G. Milinevsky, A. Patoka, O. Evtushevsky, A. Klekociuk, W. Han, A. Grytsai, D. Shulga, V. Myshenko and O. Antyufeyev
    Winter 2018 major sudden stratospheric warming impact on midlatitude mesosphere from microwave radiometer measurements
    Atmos. Chem. Phys. doi:10.5194/acp-19-10303-2019, 2019
  36. Yan, X., P. Konopka, F. Ploeger, A. Podglajen, J. Wright, R. Müller and M. Riese
    The efficiency of transport into the stratosphere via the Asian and North American summer monsoon circulations
    Atmos. Chem. Phys. doi:10.5194/acp-19-15629-2019, 2019
  37. Yang, S., Z. Wei, B. Chen and X. Xu
    Influences of atmospheric ventilation on the composition of the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere during the two primary modes of the South Asia high
    Meteorol Atmos Phys doi:10.1007/s00703-019-00706-4, 2019
  38. Yu, P., O. Toon, C. Bardeen, Y. Zhu, K. Rosenlof, R. Portmann, T. Thornberry, R. Gao, S. Davis, E. Wolf, J.D. Gouw, D. Peterson, M. Fromm and A. Robock
    Black carbon lofts wildfire smoke high into the stratosphere to form a persistent plume
  39. Yuan, C., W. Lau, Z. Li and M. Cribb
    Relationship between Asian monsoon strength and transport of surface aerosols to the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer ATAL: interannual variability and decadal changes
    Atmos. Chem. Phys. doi:10.5194/acp-19-1901-2019, 2019
  40. Yung, Y., J. Long, J. Jiang, S. Fan, X. Jiang and R. Shia
    Effect of the Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation on Carbon Monoxide in the Stratosphere
    Earth and Space Science doi:10.1029/2018ea000534, 2019
  41. Das, S., K.V. Suneeth, M.V. Ratnam, I.A. Girach and Das, S.
    Upper tropospheric ozone transport from the sub-tropics to tropics over the Indian region during Asian summer monsoon
    Climate Dynamics doi:10.1007/s00382-018-4418-6, 2018
  42. Harvey, V.L., C. Randall, L. Goncharenko, E. Becker and J. France
    On the Upward Extension of the Polar Vortices Into the Mesosphere
    Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 10.1029/2018jd028815, 2018
  43. Huang, H., Y. Gu, Y. Xue, J. Jiang and B. Zhao
    Assessing aerosol indirect effect on clouds and regional climate of East/South Asia and West Africa using NCEP GFS
    Climate Dynamics 2018
  44. Jiang, J.H., H. Su, L. Huang, Y. Wang, S. Massie, B. Zhao, A. Omar and Z. Wang
    Contrasting effects on deep convective clouds by different types of aerosols
    Nature Communications 2018
  45. Kreyling, D., I. Wohltmann, R. Lehmann and M. Rex
    The Extrapolar SWIFT model version 1.0: fast stratospheric ozone chemistry for global climate models
    Geoscientific Model Development doi:10.5194/gmd-11-753-2018, 2018
  46. Lau, W., C. Yuan and Z. Li
    Origin, Maintenance and Variability of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer ATAL: The Roles of Monsoon Dynamics
    Scientific Reports doi:10.1038/s41598-018-22267-z, 2018
  47. Lee, J., D. Wu, A. Ruzmaikin and J. Fontenla
    Solar cycle variations in mesospheric carbon monoxide
    J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys. doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2018.02.001, 2018
  48. Luo, J., L. Pan, S. Honomichl, J. Bergman, W. Randel, G. Francis, C. Clerbaux, M. George, X. Liu and W. Tian
    Space–time variability in UTLS chemical distribution in the Asian summer monsoon viewed by limb and nadir satellite sensors
    Atmos. Chem. Phys. doi:10.5194/acp-18-12511-2018, 2018
  49. Millán, L., N. Livesey, M. Santee and T. von Clarmann
    Characterizing sampling and quality screening biases in infrared and microwave limb sounding
    Atmos. Chem. Phys. doi:10.5194/acp-18-4187-2018, 2018
  50. Ryan, N., D. Kinnison, R. Garcia, C. Hoffmann, M. Palm, U. Raffalski and J. Notholt
    Assessing the ability to derive rates of polar middle-atmospheric descent using trace gas measurements from remote sensors
    Atmos. Chem. Phys. doi:10.5194/acp-18-1457-2018, 2018
  51. Strode, S., J. Liu, L. Lait, R. Commane, B. Daube, S. Wofsy, A. Conaty, P. Newman and M. Prather
    Forecasting carbon monoxide on a global scale for the ATom-1 aircraft mission: insights from airborne and satellite observations and modeling
    Atmos. Chem. Phys. doi:10.5194/acp-18-10955-2018, 2018
  52. Tian, P., L. Zhang, J. Ma, K. Tang, L. Xu, Y. Wang, X. Cao, J. Liang, Y. Ji, J.H. Jiang, Y. Yung and R. Zhang
    Radiative absorption enhancement of dust mixed with anthropogenic pollution over East Asia
    Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2018
  53. Funke, B., W. Ball, S. Bender, A. Gardini, V.L. Harvey, A. Lambert, M. López-Puertas, D. Marsh, K. Meraner, H. Nieder, S. Päivärinta, K. Pérot, C. Randall, T. Reddmann, E. Rozanov, H. Schmidt, A. Seppälä, M. Sinnhuber, T. Sukhodolov, G. Stiller, N. Tsvetkova, P. Verronen, S. Versick, T. von Clarmann, K. Walker and V. Yushkov
    HEPPA-II model-measurement intercomparison project:
    Atmos. Chem. Phys. doi:10.5194/acp-17-3573-2017, 2017
  54. Hegglin, M., S. Tegtmeier, J. Anderson, A. Bourassa, S. Brohede, D. Degenstein, L. Froidevaux, B. Funke, J. Gille, A. Jones, Y. Kasai, E. Kyrola, J. Lumpe, J. Neu, E. Remsberg, A. Rozanov, M. Toohey, J. Urban, T. von Clarmann, K.A. Walker and R. Wang
    The SPARC Data Initiative: Assessment of stratospheric trace gas and aerosol climatologies from satellite limb sounders
  55. Luo, J., J. Song, H. Tian, L. Liu and X. Liang
    A Case Study of Mass Transport during the East-West Oscillation of the Asian Summer Monsoon Anticyclone
    Advances in Meteorology doi:10.1155/2017/5174025, 2017
  56. Ochiai, S., P. Baron, T. Nishibori, Y. Irimajiri, Y. Uzawa, T. Manabe, H. Maezawa, A. Mizuno, T. Nagahama, H. Sagawa, M. Suzuki and M. Shiotani
    SMILES-2 Mission for Temperature, Wind, and Composition in the Whole Atmosphere
  57. Ploeger, F., P. Konopka, K. Walker and M. Riese
    Quantifying pollution transport from the Asian monsoon anticyclone into the lower stratosphere
    Atmos. Chem. Phys. doi:10.5194/acp-17-7055-2017, 2017
  58. Ryan, N., M. Palm, U. Raffalski, R. Larsson, G. Manney, L. Millan and J. Notholt
    Strato-mesospheric carbon monoxide profiles above Kiruna, Sweden 67.8 ° N, 20.4 ° E, since 2008
    Earth System Science Data doi:10.5194/essd-9-77-2017, 2017
  59. Santee, M.L., G.L. Manney, N.J. Livesey, M.J. Schwartz, J.L. Neu and W.G. Read
    A comprehensive overview of the climatological composition of the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone based on 10 years of Aura Microwave Limb Sounder measurements
    Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres doi:10.1002/2016jd026408, 2017
  60. Sheese, P., K. Walker, C. Boone, P. Bernath, L. Froidevaux, B. Funke, P. Raspollini and T. von Clarmann
    ACE-FTS ozone, water vapour, nitrous oxide, nitric acid, and carbon monoxide profile comparisons with MIPAS and MLS
    J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer doi:10.1016/j.jqsrt.2016.06.026, 2017
  61. Wohltmann, I., R. Lehmann and M. Rex
    A quantitative analysis of the reactions involved in stratospheric ozone depletion in the polar vortex core
    Atmos. Chem. Phys. doi:10.5194/acp-17-10535-2017, 2017
  62. Zhao, B., W. Wu, S. Wang, J. Xing, X. Chang, K.N. Liou, J.H. Jiang, Y. Gu, C. Jang, J.S. Fu, Y. Zhu, J. Wang, Y. Lin and J. Hao
    A modeling study of the nonlinear response of fine particles to air pollutant emissions in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region
  63. Zhao, B., K.N. Liou, Y. Gu, Q. Li, J.H. Jiang, H. Su, C. He, H.R. Tseng, S. Wang, R. Liu, L. Qi, W. Lee and J. Hao
    Enhanced PM 2.5 pollution in China due to aerosol-cloud interactions
    Scientific Reports doi:10.1038/s41598-017-04096-8, 2017
  64. Eguchi, N., K. Kodera, B. Funatsu, H. Takashima and R. Ueyama
    Rapid Convective Transport of Tropospheric Air into the Tropical Lower Stratosphere during the 2010 Sudden Stratospheric Warming
  65. Field, R., G.D. van Werf, T. Fanin, E. Fetzer, R. Fuller, H. Jethva, R. Levy, N. Livesey, M. Luo, O. Torres and H. Worden
    Indonesian fire activity and smoke pollution in 2015 show persistent nonlinear sensitivity to El Niño-induced drought
    Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. doi:10.1073/pnas.1524888113, 2016
  66. Field, R., M. Luo, M. Fromm, A. Voulgarakis, S. Mangeon and J. Worden
    Simulating the Black Saturday 2009 smoke plume with an interactive composition-climate model: Sensitivity to emissions amount, timing, and injection height
    Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres doi:10.1002/2015jd024343, 2016
  67. Garny, H. and W. Randel
    Transport pathways from the Asian monsoon anticyclone to the stratosphere
    Atmos. Chem. Phys. doi:10.5194/acp-16-2703-2016, 2016
  68. Huang, L., J.H. Jiang, L. Murry, M. Damon, H. Su and N. Livesey
    Evaluation of UTLS carbon monoxide simulations in GMI and GEOS-Chem chemical transport models using Aura MLS observations
    Atmos. Chem. Phys. doi:10.5194/acp-16-5641-2016, 2016
  69. Manney, G. and Z. Lawrence
    The major stratospheric final warming in 2016: dispersal of vortex air and termination of Arctic chemical ozone loss
    Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10.5194/acp-16-15371-2016, 2016
  70. Massie, S.T., J. Delanoë, C.G. Bardeen, J.H. Jiang and L. Huang
    Changes in the shape of cloud ice water content vertical structure due to aerosol variations
    Atmos. Chem. Phys. doi:10.5194/acp-16-6091-2016, 2016
  71. Millan, L., N. Livesey, M. Santee, J. Neu, G. Manney and R. Fuller
    Case studies of the impact of orbital sampling on stratospheric trend detection and derivation of tropical vertical velocities: solar occultation vs. limb emission sounding
    Atmos. Chem. Phys. doi:10.5194/acp-16-11521-2016, 2016
  72. Xie, F., J. Li, W. Tian, D. Hu, J. Zhang, J. Shu and C. Wang
    A Quantitative Estimation of the Transport of Surface Emissions from Different Regions into the Stratosphere
  73. Field, R., M. Luo, D. Kim, A.D. Genio, A. Voulgarakis and J. Worden
    Sensitivity of simulated tropospheric CO to subgrid physics parameterization: A case study of Indonesian biomass burning emissions in 2006
    Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres doi:10.1002/2015jd023402, 2015
  74. Gaudel, A., H. Clark, V. Thouret, L. Jones, A. Inness, J. Flemming, O. Stein, V. Huijnen, H. Eskes, P. Nedelec and D. Boulanger
    On the use of MOZAIC-IAGOS data to assess the ability of the MACC reanalysis to reproduce the distribution of ozone and CO in the UTLS over Europe
    Tellus B Chemical and Physical Meteorology doi:10.3402/tellusb.v67.27955, 2015
  75. Harvey, V.L., C.E. Randall and R.L. Collins
    Chemical definition of the mesospheric polar vortex
    Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres doi:10.1002/2015jd023488, 2015
  76. Jensen, E.J., L. Pfister, R. Ueyama, J.W. Bergman and D. Kinnison
    Investigation of the transport processes controlling the geographic distribution of carbon monoxide at the tropical tropopause
    Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres doi:10.1002/2014jd022661, 2015
  77. Minschwaner, K. and G.L. Manney
    Derived Methane in the Stratosphere and Lower Mesosphere from Aura Microwave Limb Sounder Measurements of Nitrous Oxide, Water Vapor, and Carbon Monoxide
    J. Atmos. Chem. doi:10.1007/s10874-015-9299-z, 2015
  78. Schwartz, M.J., G.L. Manney, M.I. Hegglin, N.J. Livesey, M.L. Santee and W.H. Daffer
    Climatology and variability of trace gases in extratropical double-tropopause regions from MLS, HIRDLS, and ACE-FTS measurements
    Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres doi:10.1002/2014JD021964, 2015
  79. Strode, S.A., B.N. Duncan, E.A. Yegorova, J. Kouatchou, J.R. Ziemke and A.R. Douglass
    Implications of carbon monoxide bias for methane lifetime and atmospheric composition in chemistry climate models
    Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10.5194/acp-15-11789-2015, 2015
  80. Vogel, B., G. Günther, R. Müller, J.U. Grooß and M. Riese
    Impact of different Asian source regions on the composition of the Asian monsoon anticyclone and on the extratropical lowermost stratosphere
    Atmos. Chem. Phys. doi:10.5194/acp-15-13699-2015, 2015
  81. Wang, C., W. Tian, J. Zhang, D. Hu, S. Dhomse, J. Shu and J. Luo
    Model study of the impacts of emissions, chemical and dynamical processes on the CO variability in the tropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere
    Tellus B Chemical and Physical Meteorology doi:10.3402/tellusb.v67.27475, 2015
  82. Yan, R.C. and J.C. Bian
    Tracing the boundary layer sources of carbon monoxide in the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone using WRF-Chem
    Advances in Atmospheric Sciences doi:10.1007/s00376-014-4130-3, 2015
  83. Huang, L., R. Fu and J.H. Jiang
    Impacts of Fire Emissions and Transport Pathways on the Interannual Variation of CO in the Tropical Upper Troposphere
    Atmos. Chem. Phys. doi:10.5194/acp-14-4087-2014, 2014
  84. Isono, Y., A. Mizuno, T. Nagahama, Y. Miyoshi, T. Nakamura, R. Kataoka, M. Tsutsumi, M.K. Ejiri, H. Fujiwara, H. Maezawa and M. Uemura
    Ground-based observations of nitric oxide in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere over Antarctica in 2012–2013
    Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres doi:10.1002/2014JA019881, 2014
  85. Ruzmaikin, A., J.N. Lee and D.L. Wu
    Patterns of carbon monoxide in the middle atmosphere and effects of solar variability
    Adv. Space Res. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2013.06.033, 2014
  86. Wang, T., W.J. Randel, A.E. Dessler, M.R. Schoeberl and D.E. Kinnison
    Trajectory model simulations of ozone O3 and carbon monoxide CO in the lower stratosphere
    Atmos. Chem. Phys. doi:10.5194/acp-14-7135-2014, 2014
  87. Warner, J.X., R. Yang, Z. Wei, F. Carminati, A. Tangborn, Z. Sun, W. Lahoz, J.L. Attié, L.E. Amraoui and B. Duncan
    Global carbon monoxide products from combined AIRS, TES and MLS measurements on A-train satellites
    Atmos. Chem. Phys. doi:10.5194/acp-14-103-2014, 2014
  88. Abalos, M., W.J. Randel, D.E. Kinnison and E. Serrano
    Quantifying tracer transport in the tropical lower stratosphere using WACCM
    Atmos. Chem. Phys. doi:10.5194/acp-13-10591-2013, 2013
  89. Barré, J., L.E. Amraoui, P. Ricaud, W.A. Lahoz, J.L. Attie, V.H. Peuch, B. Josse and V. Marécal
    Diagnosing the transition layer at extratropical latitudes using MLS O3 and MOPITT CO analyses
    Atmos. Chem. Phys. doi:10.5194/acp-13-7225-2013, 2013
  90. Garny, H. and W.J. Randel
    Dynamic variability of the Asian monsoon anticyclone observed in potential vorticity and correlations with tracer distributions
    Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres doi:10.1002/2013JD020908, 2013
  91. Huang, L., J.H. Jiang, J.L. Tackett, H. Su and R. Fu
    Seasonal and Diurnal Variations of Aerosol Extinction Profile and Type Distribution from CALIPSO 5-year Observations
    J. Geophys. Res. doi:10.1002/jgrd.50407, 2013
  92. Inness, A., F. Baier, A. Benedetti, I. Bouarar, S. Chabrillat, H. Clark, C. Clerbaux, P. Coheur, R.J. Engelen, Q. Errera, J. Flemming, M. George, C. Granier, J. Hadji-Lazaro, V. Huijnen, D. Hurtmans, L. Jones, J.W. Kaiser, J. Kapsomenakis, K. Lefever, J. Leitao, M. Razinger, A. Richter, M.G. Schultz, A.J. Simmons, M. Suttie, O. Stein, J.N. Thepaut, V. Thouret, M. Vrekoussis and C. Zerefos
    The MACC reanalysis: an 8 yr data set of atmospheric composition
    Atmos. Chem. Phys. doi:10.5194/acp-13-4073-2013, 2013
  93. Jiménez, C., S. Gulkis, G. Beaudin, T. Encrenaz, P. Eriksson, L. Kamp, S. Lee and S.A. Buehler
    Sub-millimeter observations of the terrestrial atmosphere during an Earth flyby of the MIRO sounder on the Rosetta spacecraft
    Planetary and Space Science doi:10.1016/j.pss.2013.03.016, 2013
  94. Jin, J.J., N.J. Livesey, G.L. Manney, J.H. Jiang, M.J. Schwartz and W.H. Daffer
    Chemical discontinuity at the extratropical tropopause and isentropic stratosphere - troposphere exchange pathways diagnosed using Aura MLS data
    J. Geophys. Res. doi:10.1002/jgrd.50291, 2013
  95. Lee, J.N., D.L. Wu and A. Ruzmaikin
    Interannual variations of MLS carbon monoxide induced by solar cycle
    J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys. doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2013.05.012, 2013
  96. Livesey, N.J., J.A. Logan, M.L. Santee, J.W. Waters, R.M. Doherty, W.G. Read, L. Froidevaux and J.H. Jiang
    Interrelated variations of O3, CO and deep convection in the tropical/subtropical upper troposphere observed by the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder MLS during 2004–2011
    Atmos. Chem. Phys. doi:10.5194/acp-13-579-2013, 2013
  97. Luo, M., W. Read, S. Kulawik, J. Worden, N. Livesey, K. Bowman and R. Herman
    Carbon Monoxide CO vertical profiles derived from joined TES and MLS measurements
    Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres doi:10.1002/jgrd.50800, 2013
  98. McDonald, A.J. and M. Smith
    A technique to identify vortex air using carbon monoxide observations
    Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres doi:10.1002/2012jd019257, 2013
  99. McLandress, C., J.F. Scinocca, T.G. Shepherd, M.C. Reader and G.L. Manney
    Dynamical control of the mesosphere by orographic and non-orographic gravity wave drag during the extended northern winters of 2006 and 2009
    J. Atmos. Sci. doi:10.1175/JAS-D-12-0297.1, 2013
  100. Park, M., W.J. Randel, D.E. Kinnison, L.K. Emmons, P.F. Bernath, K.A. Walker, C.D. Boone and N.J. Livesey
    Hydrocarbons in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere observed from ACE-FTS and comparisons with WACCM
    J. Geophys. Res. doi:10.1029/2012JD018327, 2013
  101. Reid, J.S., E.J. Hyer, R.S. Johnson, B.N. Holben, R.J. Yokelson, J. Zhang, J.R. Campbell, S.A. Christopher, L.D. Girolamo, L. Giglio, R.E. Holz, C. Kearney, J. Miettinen, E.A. Reid, F.J. Turk, J. Wang, P. Xian, G. Zhao, R. Balasubramanian, B.N. Chew, S. Janjai, N. Lagrosas, P. Lestari, N.H. Lin, M. Mahmud, A.X. Nguyen, B. Norris, N.T.K. Oanh, M. Oo, S.V. Salinas, E.J. Welton and S.C. Liew
    Observing and understanding the Southeast Asian aerosol system by remote sensing: An initial review and analysis for the Seven Southeast Asian Studies 7SEAS program
  102. Santee, M.L., N.J. Livesey, G.L. Manney, A. Lambert and W.G. Read
    Methyl chloride from the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder: First global climatology and assessment of variability in the upper troposphere and stratosphere
    Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres doi:10.1002/2013JD020235, 2013
  103. Straub, C., P.J. Espy, R.E. Hibbins and D.A. Newnham
    Mesospheric CO above Troll station, Antarctica observed by a ground based microwave radiometer
    Earth System Science Data doi:10.5194/essd-5-199-2013, 2013
  104. Abalos, M., W.J. Randel and E. Serrano
    Variability in upwelling across the tropical tropopause and correlations with tracers in the lower stratosphere
    Atmos. Chem. Phys. doi:10.5194/acp-12-11505-2012, 2012
  105. Hoffman, C.G., D.E. Kinnison, R.R. Garcia, M. Palm, J. Notholt, U. Raffalski and G. Hochschild
    CO at 40-80 km above Kiruna observed by the ground-based microwave radiometer KIMRA and simulated by the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model
    Atmos. Chem. Phys. doi:10.5194/acp-12-3261-2012, 2012
  106. Huang, L., R. Fu, J.H. Jiang, J.S. Wright and M. Luo
    Geographic and seasonal distributions of CO transport pathways and their roles in determining CO centers in the upper troposphere
    Atmos. Chem. Phys. doi:10.5194/acp-12-4683-2012, 2012
  107. Jones, A., K.A. Walker, J.J. Jin, J.R. Taylor, C.D. Boone, P.F. Bernath, S. Brohede, G.L. Manney, S. McLeod, R. Hughes and W.H. Daffer
    Technical Note: A trace gas climatology derived from the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer ACE-FTS data set
    Atmos. Chem. Phys. doi:10.5194/acp-12-5207-2012, 2012
  108. Ploeger, F., P. Konopka, R. Muller, S. Fueglistaler, T. Schmidt, J.C. Manners, J.U. Grooss, G. Gunther, P.M. Forster and M. Riese
    Horizontal transport affecting trace gas seasonality in the Tropical Tropopause Layer TTL
    J. Geophys. Res. doi:10.1029/2011JD017267, 2012
  109. Yi, M., Y. Fu, P. Liu, Z. Heng, Y. Gao and X. Hong
    Analysis of the variation of atmospheric composition in the upper troposphere during a strong convection in eastern China in summer
    Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2012.11124, 2012
  110. Fadnavis, S., P. Buchunde, S.D. Ghude, S.H. Kulkarni and G. Beig
    Evidence of seasonal enchancement of CO in the upper troposphere over India
    Int. Jnl. Remote Sensing doi:10.1080/01431161.2010.523733, 2011
  111. Gettelman, A., P. Hoor, L.L. Pan, W.J. Randel, M.I. Hegglin and T. Birner
    The Extratropical Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere
    Rev. Geophys. doi:10.1029/2011RG000355, 2011
  112. Hoffmann, C.G., U. Raffalski, M. Palm, B. Funke, S.H.W. Golchert, H. Hochschild and J. Notholt
    Observation of strato-mesospheric CO above Kiruna with ground-based microwave radiometry - retrieval and satellite comparison
    Atmospheric Measurement Techniques doi:10.5194/amt-4-2389-2011, 2011
  113. Jiang, J.H., H. Su, C. Zhai, S.T. Massie, M.R. Schoeberl, P.R. Colarco, S. Platnick, Y. Gu and K.N. Liou
    Influence of convection and aerosol pollution on ice cloud particle effective radius
    Atmos. Chem. Phys. doi:10.5194/acp-11-457-2011, 2011
  114. Jin, J.J., N.J. Livesey, J.H. Jiang, A. Lupu, J.W. Kaminski and J.C. McConnell
    Seasonal Variation of Trans-Pacific Transport of Carbon Monoxide (CO) in the Upper Troposphere: MLS Observations and GEOS-Chem and GEM-AQ simulations
    Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. doi:10.5194/acpd-11-3219-2011, 2011
  115. Jones, A., J. Urban, D.P. Murtagh, C. Sanchez, K.A. Walker, N.J. Livesey, L. Froidevaux and M.L. Santee
    Analysis of HCl and ClO time series in the upper stratosphere using satellite data sets
    Atmos. Chem. Phys. doi:10.5194/acp-11-5321-2011, 2011
  116. Lee, J.N., D.L. Wu, G.L. Manney, M.J. Schwartz, A. Lambert, N.J. Livesey, K.R. Minschwaner, H.C. Pumphrey and W.G. Read
    Aura Microwave Limb Sounder Observations of the Polar Middle Atmosphere: Dynamics and Transport of CO and H2O
    J. Geophys. Res. doi:10.1029/2010JD014608, 2011
  117. Manney, G.L., M.I. Hegglin, W.H. Daffer, M.L. Santee, E.A. Ray, S. Pawson, M.J. Schwartz, C.D. Boone, L. Froidevaux, N.J. Livesey, W.G. Read and K.A. Walker
    Jet characterization in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere UTLS: applications to climatology and transport studies
    Atmos. Chem. Phys. doi:10.5194/acp-11-6115-2011, 2011
  118. Michou, M., D. Saint-Martin, H. Teyssedre, A. Alias, F. Karcher, D. Olivie, A. Voldoire, A. Voldoire, V-H. Peuch, H. Clark, J.N. Lee and F. Cheroux
    A new version of the CNRM Chemistry-Climate Model, CNRM-CCM: description and improvements from the CCMVal-2 simulations
    Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss. doi:10.5194/gmdd-4-1129-2011, 2011
  119. Pumphrey, H.C., M.L. Santee, N.J. Livesey, M.J. Schwartz and W.G. Read
    Microwave Limb Sounder observations of biomass-burning products from the Australian bush fires of February 2009
    Atmos. Chem. Phys. doi:10.5194/acp-11-6285-2011, 2011
  120. Ren, S., S. Polavarupu, S.R. Beagley, Y. Nezlin and Y.J. Rochon
    The impact of gravity wave drag on mesospheric analyses of the 2006 stratospheric major warming
    J. Geophys. Res. doi:10.1029/2011JD015943, 2011
  121. Ren-Chang, Y., B. Jian-Chun and F. Qiu-Jun
    The Impact of the South Asia High Bimodality on the Chemical Composition of the Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere
    Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters doi:10.1080/16742834.2011.11446934, 2011
  122. Zhang, L., Q.B. Li, J. Jin, H. Liu, N. Livesey, J.H. Jiang, Y. Mao, D. Chen, M. Luo and Y. Chen
    Impacts of 2006 Indonesian fires and dynamics on tropical upper tropospheric carbon monoxide and ozone
    Atmos. Chem. Phys. doi:10.5194/acp-11-10929-2011, 2011
  123. Barret, B., J.E. Williams, I. Bouarar, X. Yang, B. Josse, K. Law, M. Pham, E. LeFlochmoen, C. Liousse, V.H. Peuch, G.D. Carver, J.A. Pyle, B. Sauvage, P. vanVelthoven, H. Schlager, C. Mari and J.P. Cammas
    Impact of West African Monsoon convective transport and lightning NOx production upon the upper tropospheric composition: a multi-model study
    Atmos. Chem. Phys. doi:10.5194/acp-10-5719-2010, 2010
  124. Claeyman, M., J.L. Attie, L. El Amraoui, D. Cariolle, V. Peuch, H. Teyssedre, B. Josse, P. Ricaud, S. Massart, A. Piacentini, J.P. Cammas, N.J. Livesey, H.C. Pumphrey and D.P. Edwards
    A linear CO chemistry parameterization in a chemistry-transport model: evaluation and application to data assimilation
    Atmos. Chem. Phys. doi:10.5194/acp-10-6097-2010, 2010
  125. Damiani, A., M. Storini, M.L. Santee and S. Wang
    Variability of the nighttime OH layer and mesospheric ozone at high latitudes during northern winter: influence of meteorology
    Atmos. Chem. Phys. doi:10.5194/acp-10-10291-2010, 2010
  126. Gonzi, S. and P.I. Palmer
    Vertical transport of surface fire emissions observed from space
    J. Geophys. Res. doi:10.1029/2009JD012053, 2010
  127. Liu, J., J.A. Logan, N.J. Livesey, I. Megretskaia, C. Carouge and P. Nedelec
    Analysis of CO in the tropical troposphere using Aura satellite data and the GEOS-Chem model: insights into transport characteristics of the GEOS meteorological products
    Atmos. Chem. Phys. doi:10.5194/acp-10-12207-2010, 2010
  128. Luo, M., C. Boxe, J.H. Jiang, R. Nassar and N. Livesey
    Interpretation of Aura satellite observations of CO and aerosol index related to the December 2006 Australia fires
    J. Geophys. Res. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2010.07.003, 2010
  129. Minschwaner, K., G.L. Manney, N.J. Livesey, H.C. Pumphrey, H.M. Pickett, L. Froidevaux, A. Lambert, M.J. Schwartz, P.F. Bernath, K.A. Walker and C.D. Boone
    The photochemistry of carbon monoxide in the stratosphere and mesosphere evaluated from observations by the Microwave Limb Sounder on the Aura satellite
    J. Geophys. Res. doi:10.1029/2009JD012654, 2010
  130. Ott, L., B. Duncan, S. Pawson, P. Colarco, M. Chin, C. Randles, T. Diehl and E. Nielsen
    Influence of the 2006 Indonesian biomass burning aerosols on tropical dynamics studies with the GEOS-5 AGCM
    J. Geophys. Res. doi:10.1029/2009JD013181, 2010
  131. Tian, W., M.P. Chipperfield, D.S. Stevenson, R. Damoah, S. Dhomse, A. Dudhia, H. Pumphrey and P. Bernath
    Effects of stratosphere-troposphere chemistry coupling on tropospheric ozone
    J. Geophys. Res. doi:10.1029/2009JD013515, 2010
  132. Chandra, S., J.R. Ziemke, B.N. Duncan, T.L. Diehl, N.J. Livesey and L. Froidevaux
    Effects of the 2006 El Nino on tropospheric ozone and carbon monoxide: implications for dynamics and biomass burning
    Atmos. Chem. Phys. doi:10.5194/acp-9-4239-2009, 2009
  133. Hegglin, M.I., C.D. Boone, G.L. Manney and K.A. Walker
    A global view of the extratropical tropopause transition layer from Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer O3, H2O, and CO
    J. Geophys. Res. doi:10.1029/2008JD009984, 2009
  134. Jiang, J.H., H. Su, S.T. Massie, P.R. Colarco, M.R. Schoeberl and S. Platnick
    Aerosol-CO relationship and aerosol effect on Ice cloud particle size: Analyses from Aura Microwave Limb Sounder and Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer observations
    J. Geophys. Res. doi:10.1029/2009JD012421, 2009
  135. Jin, J.J., K. Semeniuk, S.R. Beagley, V.I. Fomichev, A.I. Jonsson, J.C. McConnell, J. Urban, D. Murtagh, G.L. Manney, C.D. Boone, P.F. Bernath, K.A. Walker, B. Barret, P. Ricaud and E. Dupuy
    Comparison of CMAM simulations of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrous oxide (N2O), and methane (CH4) with observations from Odin/SMR, ACE-FTS, and Aura/MLS
    Atmos. Chem. Phys. doi:10.5194/acp-9-3233-2009, 2009
  136. Liu, C. and E.J. Zipser
    Implications of the day versus night differences of water vapor, carbon monoxide, and thin cloud observations near the tropical tropopause
    J. Geophys. Res. doi:10.1029/2008JD011524, 2009
  137. Manney, G.L., M.J. Schwartz, K. Krueger, M.L. Santee, S. Pawson, J.N. Lee, W.H. Daffer, R.A. Fuller and N.J. Livesey
    Aura Microwave Limb Sounder Observations of Dynamics and Transport During the Record-breaking 2009 Arctic Stratospheric Major Warming
    Geophys. Res. Lett. doi:10.1029/2009GL038586, 2009
  138. Manney, G.L., R.S. Harwood, I.A. MacKenzie, K. Minschwaner, D.R. Allen, M.L. Santee, K.A. Walker, M.I. Hegglin, A. Lambert, H.C. Pumphrey, P.F. Bernath, C.D. Boone, M.J. Schwartz, N.J. Livesey, W.H. Daffer and R.A. Fuller
    Satellite Observations and Modelling of Transport in the Upper Troposphere through the Lower Mesosphere During the 2006 Major Stratospheric Sudden Warming
    Atmos. Chem. Phys. doi:10.5194/acp-9-4775-2009, 2009
  139. Park, M., W.J. Randel, L.K. Emmons and N.J. Livesey
    Transport pathways of carbon monoxide in the Asian summer monsoon diagnosed from Model of Ozone and Related Tracers (MOZART)
    J. Geophys. Res. doi:10.1029/2008JD010621, 2009
  140. Pumphrey, H.C., R.E. Cofield, M.J. Filipiak and N.J. Livesey
    An all-sky survey at 230 GHz by MLS on Aura
    Adv. Space Res. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2008.11.010, 2009
  141. Singh, H.B., W.H. Brune, J.H. Crawford, D. Flocke and D.J. Jacob
    Chemistry and transport of pollution over the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific: spring 2006 INTEX-B campaign overview and first results
    Atmos. Chem. Phys. doi:10.5194/acp-9-2301-2009, 2009
  142. Worden, J., D. Jones, J. Liu, M. Parrington, K. Bowman, I. Stajner, R. Beer, J.H. Jiang, V. Thouret, S. Kulawik, J. Li, S. Verma and H. Worden
    Observed vertical distribution of tropospheric ozone during the Asian summertime monsoon
    J. Geophys. Res. doi:10.1029/2008JD010560, 2009
  143. Barret, B., P. Ricaud, C. Mari, J-L. Attie, N. Bousserez, B. Josse, E. Le Flochmoen, N.J. Livesey, S. Massart, V.H. Peuch, A. Piacentini, B. Sauvage, V. Thouret and J-P. Cammas
    Transport pathways of CO in the African upper troposphere during the monsoon season: a study based upon the assimilation of spaceborne observations
    Atmos. Chem. Phys. doi:10.5194/acp-8-3231-2008, 2008
  144. Clerbaux, C., M. George, S. Turquety, K.A. Walker, B. Barret, P. Bernath, C. Boone, T. Borsdorff, J.P. Cammas, V. Catoire, M. Coffey, P.F. Coheur, M. Deeter, M. De Maziere, J. Drummond, P. Duchatelet, E. Dupuy, R. de Zafra, F. Eddounia, D.P. Edwards, L. Emmons, B. Funke, J. Gille, D.W. Griffith, J. Hannigan, F. Hase, M. Hopfner, N. Jones, A. Kagawa, Y. Kasai, I. Kramer, E. Le Flochmoen, N.J. Livesey, M. pez-Puertas, M. Luo, E. Mahieu, D. Murtagh, P. Nedelec, A. Pazmino, H. Pumphrey, P. Ricaud, C.P. Rinsland, C. Robert, M. Schneider, C. Senten, G. Stiller, A. Strandberg, K. Strong, R. Sussmann, V. Thouret, J. Urban and A. Wiacek
    CO measurements from the ACE-FTS satellite instrument: data analysis and validation using ground-based, airborne and spaceborne observations
    Atmos. Chem. Phys. doi:10.5194/acp-8-2569-2008, 2008
  145. Hegglin, M.I., P.F. Bernath, C.D. Boone, W.H. Daffer, P. Hoor, G.L. Manney, C. Schiller, K. Strong and K.A. Walker
    Validation of ACE-FTS satellite date in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (UTLS) using non-coincident measurements
    Atmos. Chem. Phys. doi:10.5194/acp-8-1483-2008, 2008
  146. Jiang, J.H., H. Su, M. Schoeberl, S.T. Massie, P. Colarco, S. Platnick and N. Livesey
    Clean and polluted clouds: relationships among pollution, ice cloud and precipitation in South America
    Geophys. Res. Lett. doi:10.1029/2008GL034631, 2008
  147. Livesey, N.J., M.J. Filipiak, L. Froidevaux, W.G. Read, A. Lambert, M.L. Santee, J.H. Jiang, H.C. Pumphrey, J.W. Waters, R.E. Cofield, D.T. Cuddy, W.H. Daffer, B.J. Drouin, R.A. Fuller, R.F. Jarnot, Y.B. Jiang, B.W. Knosp, Q.B. Li, V.S. Perun, M.J. Schwartz, W.V. Snyder, P.C. Stek, R.P. Thurstans, P.A. Wagner, M. Avery, E.V. Browell, J-P. Cammas, L.E. Christensen, G.S. Diskin, R-S. Gao, H-J. Jost, M. Loewenstein, J.D. Lopez, P. Nedelec, G.B. Osterman, G.W. Sachse and C.R. Webster
    Validation of Aura Microwave Limb Sounder O3 and CO observations in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere
    J. Geophys. Res. doi:10.1029/2007JD008805, 2008
  148. Manney, G.L., W.H. Daffer, K.B. Strawbridge, K.A. Walker, C.D. Boone, P.F. Bernath, T. Kerzenmacher, M.J. Schwartz, K. Strong, R.J. Sica, K. Kruger, H.C. Pumphrey, L. Froidevaux, A. Lambert, M.L. Santee, N.J. Livesey, E.E. Remsberg, M.G. Mlynczak and J.M. Russell III
    The High Arctic in Extreme Winters: Vortex, Temperature, and MLS and ACE-FTS Trace Gas Evolution
    Atmos. Chem. Phys. doi:10.5194/acp-8-505-2008, 2008
  149. Pumphrey, H.C., C. Boone, K.A. Walker, P. Bernath and N.J. Livesey
    The tropical tape recorder observed in HCN
    Geophys. Res. Lett. doi:10.1029/2007GL032137, 2008
  150. Read, W.G., M.J. Schwartz, A. Lambert, H. Su, N.J. Livesey, W.H. Daffer and C.D. Boone
    The roles of convection, extratropical mixing, and in situ freeze-drying in the tropical tropopause layer
    Atmos. Chem. Phys. doi:10.5194/acp-8-6051-2008, 2008
  151. Schoeberl, M.R., A.R. Douglass, P.A. Newman, L.R. Lait, D. Lary, J. Waters, N. Livesey, L. Froidevaux, A. Lambert, W. Read, M.J. Filipiak and H.C. Pumphrey
    QBO and Annual Cycle Variations in Tropical Lower Stratosphere Trace Gases from HALOE and Aura MLS Observations
    J. Geophys. Res. doi:10.1029/2007JD008678, 2008
  152. Duncan, B.N., S.E. Strahan, Y. Yoshida, S.D. Steenrod and N. Livesey
    Model study of the cross-tropopause transport of biomass burning pollution
    Atmos. Chem. Phys. doi:10.5194/acp-7-3713-2007, 2007
  153. Jiang, J.H., N.J. Livesey, H. Su, L. Neary, J.C. McConnell and N.A. Richards
    Connecting surface emissions, convective uplifting, and long-range transport of carbon monoxide in the upper-troposphere: New observations from the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder
    Geophys. Res. Lett. doi:10.1029/2007GL030638, 2007
  154. Liu, C., E.J. Zipster, T.J. Garrett, J.H. Jiang and H. Su
    How do the water vapor and carbon monoxide 'tape recorders' start near the tropical tropopause
    Geophys. Res. Lett. doi:10.1029/2006GL029234, 2007
  155. Manney, G.L., W.H. Daffer, J.M. Zawodny, P.F. Bernath, K.W. Hoppel, K.A. Walker, B.W. Knosp, C. Boone, E.E. Remsberg, M.L. Santee, V. Lynn Harvey, S. Pawson, D.R. Jackson, L. Deaver, C.T. McElroy, C.A. McLinden, J.R. Drummond, H.C. Pumphrey, A. Lambert, M.J. Schwartz, L. Froidevaux, S. McLeod, L.L. Takacs, M.J. Suarez, C.R. Trepte, D.T. Cuddy, N.J. Livesey, R.S. Harwood and J.W. Waters
    Solar Occultation Satellite Data and Derived Meteorological Products: Sampling Issues and Comparisons with Aura MLS
    J. Geophys. Res. doi:10.1029/2007JD008709, 2007
  156. Pumphrey, H.C., M.J. Filipiak, N.J. Livesey, M.J. Schwartz, C. Boone, K.A. Walker, P. Bernath, P. Ricaud, B. Barret, C. Clerbaux, R.F. Jarnot, G.L. Manney and J.W. Waters
    Validation of middle-atmosphere carbon monoxide retrievals from MLS on Aura
    J. Geophys. Res. doi:10.1029/2007JD008723, 2007
  157. Ricaud, P., B. Barret, J-L. Attie, E. Motte, E. Le Flochmoen, H. Teyseedre, V.-H. Peuch, N. Livesey, A. Lambert and J.-P. Pommereau
    Impact of land convection on troposphere-stratosphere exchange in the tropics
    Atmos. Chem. Phys. doi:10.5194/acp-7-5639-2007, 2007
  158. Wong, S. and A.E. Dessler
    Regulation of H2O and CO in Tropical Tropopause Layer by the Madden-Julian Oscillation
    J. Geophys. Res. doi:10.1029/2006JD007940, 2007
  159. Barret, B., P. Ricaud, M.L. Santee, J-L. Attie, J. Urban, E. Le Flochmoen, G. Berthet, D. Murtagh, P. Eriksson, A. Jones, J. de La Noe, E. Dupuy, L. Froidevaux, N.J. Livesey, J.W. Waters and M.J. Filipiak
    Intercomparisons of Trace Gas Profiles from the Odin/SMR and Aura/MLS Limb Sounders
    J. Geophys. Res. doi:10.1029/2006JD007305, 2006
  160. Cofield, R.E. and P.C. Stek
    Design and field-of-view calibration of 114-660 GHz optics of the Earth Observing System Microwave Limb Sounder
    IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing doi:10.1109/TGRS.2006.873234, 2006
  161. Folkins, I., P. Bernath, C. Boone, G. Lesins, N. Livesey, A.M. Thompson, K. Walker and J.C. Witte
    Seasonal cycles of O3, CO, and convective outflow at the tropical tropopause
    Geophys. Res. Lett. doi:10.1029/2006GL026602, 2006
  162. Froidevaux, L., N.J. Livesey, W.G. Read, Y.B. Jiang, C.J. Jimenez, M.J. Filipiak, M.J. Schwartz, M.L. Santee, H.C. Pumphrey, J.H. Jiang, D.L. Wu, G.L. Manney, B.J. Drouin, J.W. Waters, E.J. Fetzer, P.F. Bernath, C.D. Boone, K.A. Walker, K.W. Jucks, G.C. Toon, J.J. Margitan, B. Sen, C.R. Webster, L.E. Christensen, J.W. Elkins, E. Atlas, R.A. Lueb and R. Hendershot
    Early validation analyses of atmospheric profiles from EOS MLS on the Aura satellite
    IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing doi:10.1109/TGRS.2006.864366, 2006
  163. Fu, R., Y. Hu, J.S. Wright, J.H. Jiang, R.E. Dickinson, M. Chen, M. Filipiak, W.G. Read, J.W. Waters and D.L. Wu
    Short circuit of water vapor and polluted air to the global stratosphere by convective transport over the Tibetan Plateau
    Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 10.1073/pnas.0601584103, 2006
  164. Schoeberl, M.R., B.N. Duncan, A.R. Douglass, J. Waters, N. Livesey, W. Read and M. Filipiak
    The carbon monoxide tape recorder
    Geophys. Res. Lett. doi:10.1029/2006GL026178, 2006
  165. Filipiak, M.J., R.S. Harwood, J.H. Jiang, Q. Li, N.J. Livesey, G.L. Manney, W.G. Read, M.J. Schwartz, J.W. Waters and D.L. Wu
    Carbon Monoxide Measured by the EOS Microwave Limb Sounder on Aura: First Results
    Geophys. Res. Lett. doi:10.1029/2005GL022765, 2005
  166. Li, Q.B., J.H. Jiang, D.L. Wu, W.G. Read, N.J. Livesey, J.W. Waters, Y. Zhang, B. Wang, M.J. Filipiak, C.P. Davis, S. Turquety, S. Wu, R.J. Park, R.M. Yantosca and D.J. Jacob
    Convective outflow of South Asian pollution: A global CTM simulation compared with EOS MLS observations
    Geophys. Res. Lett. doi:10.1029/2005GL022762, 2005