Aura MLS
ClO
Contact: Michelle Santee
Chlorine monoxide (ClO) is the dominant form of reactive chlorine in the stratosphere and is thus the principal agent for chlorine-catalyzed destruction of stratospheric ozone.
The primary source of stratospheric chlorine is chlorofluorocarbons, or CFCs, chemical compounds composed of chlorine, fluorine, and carbon that are emitted by human activities at the surface. After they reach the upper stratosphere (primarily by upwelling in the tropics), the CFCs are broken down by high-energy UV radiation, liberating chlorine. Away from the polar regions, most of the chlorine released from CFCs resides in relatively benign reservoir species such as ClONO2 and HCl that do not directly destroy ozone. In the winter polar regions, however, heterogeneous chemical reactions on the surfaces of polar stratospheric clouds convert chlorine to highly reactive forms. Enhanced levels of ClO are a signal that ozone destruction is taking place.
How it is part of MLS Science Objectives
One of the main objectives of the Aura mission in general and MLS in particular is to track the stability of the stratospheric ozone layer. Simultaneous measurements of HCl and ClO from MLS provide information on reservoir and reactive chlorine and the partitioning between them that is crucial for understanding (and thus predicting) stratospheric ozone depletion.
How EOS MLS measures ClO
The standard ClO product is derived from radiances measured by the radiometer centered near 640GHz. (ClO is also retrieved using radiances from the 190-GHz radiometer, but those data have poorer precision.)
ClO Information from the Spectroscopy Database
Quick Product Information for data version v5
- Swath Name: ClO
- Status Flag: Only use profiles for which the Status field is zero.
- Useful Range: 147 - 1.0 hPa
- DAAC Short Name: ML2CLO
- Precision: Only use values for which the estimated precision is a positive number.
- Quality Threshold: >1.3
- Convergence Threshold: <1.05
Latest Publications (ClO)
Solomon, S., K. Stone, P. Yu, D.M. Murphy, D. Kinnison, A.R. Ravishankara and P. Wang
Chlorine activation and enhanced ozone depletion induced by wildfire aerosol
Ardra, D., J. Kuttippurath, R. Roy, P. Kumar, S. Raj, R. Müller and W. Feng
The Unprecedented Ozone Loss in the Arctic Winter and Spring of 2010/2011 and 2019/2020
Blunden, J. and T. Boyer
State of the Climate in 2021
Froidevaux, L., D. Kinnison, M. Santee, L. Millán, N. Livesey, W. Read, C. Bardeen, J. Orlando and R. Fuller
Upper stratospheric ClO and HOCl trends (2005-2020): Aura Microwave Limb Sounder and model results
Roy, R., J. Kuttippurath, F. Lefèvre, S. Raj and P. Kumar
The sudden stratospheric warming and chemical ozone loss in the Antarctic winter 2019: comparison with the winters of 1988 and 2002
Salawitch, R. and L. McBride
Australian wildfires depleted the ozone layer
Santee, M.L., A. Lambert, G.L. Manney, N.J. Livesey, L. Froidevaux, J.L. Neu, M.J. Schwartz, L.F. Millán, F. Werner, W.G. Read, M. Park, R.A. Fuller and B.M. Ward
Prolonged and Pervasive Perturbations in the Composition of the Southern Hemisphere Midlatitude Lower Stratosphere From the Australian New Year's Fires
Strahan, S., D. Smale, S. Solomon, G. Taha, M. Damon, S. Steenrod, N. Jones, B. Liley, R. Querel and J. Robinson
Unexpected Repartitioning of Stratospheric Inorganic Chlorine After the 2020 Australian Wildfires
Blunden, J. and T. Boyer
State of the Climate in 2020
Feng, W., S. Dhomse, C. Arosio, M. Weber, J. Burrows, M. Santee and M. Chipperfield
Arctic Ozone Depletion in 2019/20: Roles of Chemistry, Dynamics and the Montreal Protocol
Gordon, E., A. Seppälä, B. Funke, J. Tamminen and K. Walker
Observational evidence of energetic particle precipitation NOx (EPP-NOx) interaction with chlorine curbing Antarctic ozone loss
Grooß, J. and R. Müller
Simulation of Record Arctic Stratospheric Ozone Depletion in 2020
Hegglin, M., S. Tegtmeier, J. Anderson, A. Bourassa, S. Brohede, D. Degenstein, L. Froidevaux, B. Funke, J. Gille, Y. Kasai, E. Kyrölä, J. Lumpe, D. Murtagh, J. Neu, K. Pérot, E. Remsberg, A. Rozanov, M. Toohey, J. Urban, T. von Clarmann, K. Walker, H. Wang, C. Arosio, R. Damadeo, R. Fuller, G. Lingenfelser, C. McLinden, D. Pendlebury, C. Roth, N. Ryan, C. Sioris, L. Smith and K. Weigel
Overview and update of the SPARC Data Initiative: comparison of stratospheric composition measurements from satellite limb sounders
Kuttippurath, J., W. Feng, R. Müller, P. Kumar, S. Raj, G. Gopikrishnan and R. Roy
Exceptional loss in ozone in the Arctic winter/spring of 2019/2020
Barrera, J., R. Fernandez, F. Iglesias-Suarez, C. Cuevas, J. Lamarque and A. Saiz-Lopez
Seasonal impact of biogenic very short-lived bromocarbons on lowermost stratospheric ozone between 60° N and 60° S during the 21st century
Blunden, J. and D.S. Arndt
State of the Climate in 2019
Inness, A., S. Chabrillat, J. Flemming, V. Huijnen, B. Langenrock, J. Nicolas, I. Polichtchouk and M. Razinger
Exceptionally Low Arctic Stratospheric Ozone in Spring 2020 as Seen in the CAMS Reanalysis
Manney, G., N. Livesey, M. Santee, L. Froidevaux, A. Lambert, Z. Lawrence, L. Millán, J. Neu, W. Read, M. Schwartz and R. Fuller
Record‐Low Arctic Stratospheric Ozone in 2020: MLS Observations of Chemical Processes and Comparisons With Previous Extreme Winters
Nakajima, H., I. Murata, Y. Nagahama, H. Akiyoshi, K. Saeki, T. Kinase, M. Takeda, Y. Tomikawa, E. Dupuy and N. Jones
Chlorine partitioning near the polar vortex edge observed with ground-based FTIR and satellites at Syowa Station, Antarctica, in 2007 and 2011
Nedoluha, G., R.M. Gomez, I. Boyd, H. Neal, A. Parrish, B. Connor, T. Mooney, D. Siskind, H. Sagawa and M. Santee
Initial Results and Diurnal Variations Measured by a new Microwave Stratospheric ClO Instrument at Mauna Kea
Schwartz, M., M. Santee, H. Pumphrey, G. Manney, A. Lambert, N. Livesey, L. Millán, J. Neu, W. Read and F. Werner
Australian New Year's PyroCb Impact on Stratospheric Composition
Blunden, J. and D. Arndt
State of the Climate in 2018
Errera, Q., S. Chabrillat, Y. Christophe, J. Debosscher, D. Hubert, W. Lahoz, M. Santee, M. Shiotani, S. Skachko, T. von Clarmann and K. Walker
Technical note: Reanalysis of Aura MLS chemical observations
Johansson, S., M. Santee, J. Grooß, M. Höpfner, M. Braun, F. Friedl-Vallon, F. Khosrawi, O. Kirner, E. Kretschmer, H. Oelhaf, J. Orphal, B. Sinnhuber, I. Tritscher, J. Ungermann, K. Walker and W. Woiwode
Unusual chlorine partitioning in the 2015/16 Arctic winter lowermost stratosphere: observations and simulations
Zambri, B., S. Solomon, D. Kinnison, M. Mills, A. Schmidt, R. Neely, A. Bourassa, D. Degenstein and C. Roth
Modeled and Observed Volcanic Aerosol Control on Stratospheric NOy and Cly
Dhomse, S., D. Kinnison, M. Chipperfield, R. Salawitch, I. Cionni, M. Hegglin, N.L. Abraham, H. Akiyoshi, A. Archibald, E. Bednarz, S. Bekki, P. Braesicke, N. Butchart, M. Dameris, M. Deushi, S. Frith, S. Hardiman, B. Hassler, L. Horowitz, R. Hu, P. Jöckel, B. Josse, O. Kirner, S. Kremser, U. Langematz, J. Lewis, M. Marchand, M. Lin, E. Mancini, V. Marécal, M. Michou, O. Morgenstern, F. O&aposConnor, L. Oman, G. Pitari, D. Plummer, J. Pyle, L. Revell, E. Rozanov, R. Schofield, A. Stenke, K. Stone, K. Sudo, S. Tilmes, D. Visioni, Y. Yamashita and G. Zeng
Estimates of ozone return dates from Chemistry-Climate Model Initiative simulations
Grooß, J., R. Müller, R. Spang, I. Tritscher, T. Wegner, M. Chipperfield, W. Feng, D. Kinnison and S. Madronich
On the discrepancy of HCl processing in the core of the wintertime polar vortices
Sandor, B. and R.T. Clancy
First measurements of ClO in the Venus atmosphere – Altitude dependence and temporal variation
Hegglin, M., S. Tegtmeier, J. Anderson, A. Bourassa, S. Brohede, D. Degenstein, L. Froidevaux, B. Funke, J. Gille, A. Jones, Y. Kasai, E. Kyrola, J. Lumpe, J. Neu, E. Remsberg, A. Rozanov, M. Toohey, J. Urban, T. von Clarmann, K.A. Walker and R. Wang
The SPARC Data Initiative: Assessment of stratospheric trace gas and aerosol climatologies from satellite limb sounders
Khosrawi, F., O. Kirner, B. Sinnhuber, S. Johansson, M. Höpfner, M. Santee, L. Froidevaux, J. Ungermann, R. Ruhnke, W. Woiwode, H. Oelhaf and P. Braesicke
Denitrification, dehydration and ozone loss during the 2015/2016 Arctic winter
Wohltmann, I., R. Lehmann and M. Rex
A quantitative analysis of the reactions involved in stratospheric ozone depletion in the polar vortex core
Akiyoshi, H., T. Nakamura, T. Miyasaka, M. Shiotani and M. Suzuki
A nudged chemistry-climate model simulation of chemical constituent distribution at northern high-latitude stratosphere observed by SMILES and MLS during the 2009/2010 stratospheric sudden warming
Andersson, M.E., P.T. Verronen, D.R. Marsh, S.M. Paivarinta and J.M.C. Plane
WACCM-D-Improved modeling of nitric acid and active chlorine during energetic particle precipitation
Huijnen, V., J. Flemming, S. Chabrillat, Q. Errera, Y. Christophe, A. Blechschmidt, A. Richter and H. Eskes
C-IFS-CB05-BASCOE: stratospheric chemistry in the Integrated Forecasting System of ECMWF
Manney, G. and Z. Lawrence
The major stratospheric final warming in 2016: dispersal of vortex air and termination of Arctic chemical ozone loss
Nakajima, H., I. Wohltmann, T. Wegner, M. Takeda, M.C. Pitts, L.R. Poole, R. Lehmann, M.L. Santee and M. Rex
Polar Stratospheric Cloud evolution and chlorine activation measured by CALIPSO and MLS, and modelled by ATLAS
Nedoluha, G., B. Connor, T. Mooney, J. Barrett, A. Parrish, R.M. Gomez, I. Boyd, D. Allen, M. Kotkamp, S. Kremser, T. Deshler, P. Newman and M. Santee
20 years of ClO measurements in the Antarctic lower stratosphere
Siskind, D., G. Nedoluha, F. Sassi, P. Rong, S. Bailey, M. Hervig and C. Randall
Persistence of upper stratospheric wintertime tracer variability into the Arctic spring and summer
Stone, K., O. Morgenstern, D. Karoly, A. Klekociuk, W.J. French, N.L. Abraham and R. Schofield
Evaluation of the ACCESS – chemistry–climate model for the Southern Hemisphere
Guo, D., Y. Su, C. Shi, J. Xu and A. Powell
Double core of ozone valley over the Tibetan Plateau and its possible mechanisms
Kirner, O., R. Muller, R. Ruhnke and H. Fischer
Contribution of liquid, NAT and ice particles to chlorine activation and ozone depletion in Antarctic winter and spring
Kuttippurath, J., S. Godin-Beekmann, F. Lefevre, M.L. Santee, L. Froidevaux and A. Hauchecorne
Variability in Antarctic ozone loss in the last decade 2004-2013: high-resolution simulations compared to Aura MLS observations
Liberto, L.D., R. Lehmann, I. Tritscher, F. Fierli, J.L. Mercer, M. Snels, G.D. Donfrancesco, T. Deshler, B.P. Luo, J. Grooß, E. Arnone, B.M. Dinelli and F. Cairo
Lagrangian analysis of microphysical and chemical processes in the Antarctic stratosphere: a case study
Manney, G., Z. Lawrence, M. Santee, W. Read, N. Livesey, A. Lambert, L. Froidevaux, H. Pumphrey and M. Schwartz
A minor sudden stratospheric warming with a major impact: Transport and polar processing in the 2014/2015 Arctic winter
Manney, G.L., Z.D. Lawrence, M.L. Santee, N.J. Livesey, A. Lambert and M.C. Pitts
Polar processing in a split vortex: Arctic ozone loss in early winter 2012/2013
Pendlebury, D., D. Plummer, J. Scinocca, P. Sheese, K. Strong, K. Walker and D. Degenstein
Comparison of the CMAM30 data set with ACE-FTS and OSIRIS: polar regions
Tang, X., Y. Liu, W. Wang, L. Song and W. Li
Changes in stratospheric ClO and HCl concentrations under different greenhouse gas emission scenarios
Blunden, J. and D.S. Arndt
State of the Climate in 2013
Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 2014Damiani, A., B. Funke, M.L. Puertas, A. Gardini, T. von Clarmann, M.L. Santee, L. Froidevaux and R.R. Cordero
Changes in the composition of the northern polar upper stratosphere in February 2009 after a sudden stratospheric warming
Blunden, J. and D.S. Arndt
State of the Climate in 2012
Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 2013Brakebusch, M., C.E. Randall, D.E. Kinnison, S. Tilmes, M.L. Santee and G.L. Manney
Evaluation of Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model simulations of ozone during Arctic winter 2004–2005
Connor, B.J., T. Mooney, G.E. Nedoluha, J.W. Barrett, A. Parrish, J. Koda, M.L. Santee and R.M. Gomez
Re-analysis of ground-based microwave ClO measurements from Mauna Kea, 1992 to early 2012
Khosravi, M., P. Baron, J. Urban, L. Froidevaux, A.I. Jonsson, Y. Kasai, K. Kuribayashi, C. Mitsuda, D.P. Murtagh, H. Sagawa, M.L. Santee, T.O. Sato, M. Shiotani, M. Suzuki, T. von Clarmann, K.A. Walker and S. Wang
Diurnal variation of stratospheric and lower mesospheric HOCl, ClO and HO2 at the equator: comparison of 1-D model calculations with measurements by satellite instruments
Sagawa, H., T.O. Sato, P. Baron, E. Dupuy, N. Livesey, J. Urban, T. von Clarmann, A.D. Lange, G. Wetzel, B.J. Connor, A. Kagawa, D. Murtagh and Y. Kasai
Comparison of SMILES ClO profiles with satellite, balloon-borne and ground-based measurements
Schwartz, M.J., W.J. Read, M.L. Santee, N.J. Livesey, L. Froidevaux, A. Lambert and G.L. Manney
Convectively Injected Water Vapor in the North American Summer Lowermost Stratosphere
Sugita, T., Y. Kasai, Y. Terao, S. Hayashida, G.L. Manney, W.H. Daffer, H. Sagawa, M. Suzuki, M. Shiotani, K.A. Walker, C.D. Boone and P.F. Bernath
HCl and ClO profiles inside the Antarctic vortex as observed by SMILES in November 2009: comparisons HCl and ClO profiles inside the Antarctic vortex as observed by SMILES in November 2009: comparisons with MLS and ACE-FTS instruments
von Clarmann, T.
Chlorine in the stratosphere
Wohltmann, I., T. Wegner, R. Mueller, R. Lehmann, M. Rex, G.L. Manney, M.L. Santee, P. Bernath, O. Suminska-Ebersoldt, F. Strohl, M. von Hobe, C.M. Volk, E. Hoesen, F. Ravegnani, A. Ulanovsky and V. Yushkov
Uncertainties in modelling heterogeneous chemistry and Arctic ozone depletion in the winter 2009/2010
Blunden, J. and D.S. Arndt
State of the Climate in 2011
Damiani, A., B. Funke, D.R. Marsh, M. Lopez-Puertas, M.L. Santee, L. Froidevaux, S. Wang, C.H. Jackman, T. von Clarmann, A. Gardini, R.R. Cordero and M. Storini
Impact of January 2005 solar proton events on chlorine species
Kuttippurath, J., S. Godin-Beekmann, F. Lefevre, G. Nikulin, M.L. Santee and L. Froidevaux
Record-breaking ozone loss in the Arctic winter 2010/2011: comparison with 1996/1997
Lange, A.D., M. Birk, G.D. Lange, F. Friedl-Vallon, O. Kiselev, V. Koshelets, G. Maucher, H. Oelhaf, A. Selig, P. Vogt, G. Wagner and J. Landgraf
HCl and ClO in activated Arctic air first retrieved vertical profiles from TELIS submillimetre limb spectra
Sato, T.O., H. Sagawa, D. Kreyling, T. Manabe, S. Ochiai, K. Kikuchi, P. Baron, J. Mendrok, J. Urban, D. Murtagh, M. Yasui and Y. Kasai
Strato-mesospheric ClO observations by SMILES: error analysis and diurnal variation
Blunden, J., D.S. Arndt and M.O. Baringer
State of the Climate in 2010
Feng, W., M.P. Chipperfield, S. Davies, G.W. Mann, K.S. Carslaw, S. Dhomse, L. Harvey, C. Randall and M.L. Santee
Modelling the effect of denitrification on polar ozone depletion for Arctic winter 2004/2005
Laat, A.T.J.d. and M. van Weele
The 2010 Antarctic ozone hole: Observed reduction in ozone destruction by minor sudden stratospheric warmings
Manney, G.L., M.L. Santee, M. Rex, N.J. Livesey, M.C. Pitts, P. Veefkind, E.R. Nash, I. Wohltmann, R. Lehmann, L. Froidevaux, L.R. Poole, M.R. Schoeberl, D.P. Haffner, J. Davies, V. Dorokhov, H. Gernandt, B. Johnson, R. Kivi, E. Kyro, N. Larsen, P.F. Levelt, A. Makshtas, C.T. McElroy, H. Nakajima, M.C. Parrondo, D.W. Tarasick, P.D. von Gathen, K.A. Walker and N.S. Zinoviev
Unprecedented Arctic ozone loss in 2011
Nedoluha, G.E., B.J. Connor, J. Barrett, T. Mooney, A. Parrish, I. Boyd, J.E. Wrotny, R.M. Gomez, J. Koda, M.L. Santee and L. Froidevaux
Ground-based measurements of ClO from Mauna Kea and intercomparisons with Aura and UARS MLS
Pumphrey, H.C., M.L. Santee, N.J. Livesey, M.J. Schwartz and W.G. Read
Microwave Limb Sounder observations of biomass-burning products from the Australian bush fires of February 2009
Santee, M.L., G.L. Manney, N.J. Livesey, L. Froidevaux, M.J. Schwartz and W.G. Read
Trace gas evolution in the lowermost stratosphere from Aura Microwave Limb Sounder measurements
Arndt, D.S., M.O. Baringer and M.R. Johnson
State of the Climate in 2009
Kuttippurath, J., S. Godin-Beekmann, F. Lefevre and F. Goutail
Spatial, temporal, and vertical variability of polar stratospheric ozone loss in the Arctic winters 2004/2005-2009/2010
Santee, M.L., S.P. Sander, N.J. Livesey and L. Froidevaux
Constraining the chlorine monoxide (ClO) / chlorine peroxide (ClOOCl) equilibrium constant from Aura Microwave Limb Sounder measurements of nighttime ClO
Kuttippurath, J., S. Godin-Beekman, F. Lefevre and A. Pazmino
Ozone depletion in the Arctic winter 2007-2008
Manson, A.H., C.E. Meek and T. Chshyolkova
Regional stratospheric warmings in the Pacific-Western Canada (PWC) sector during winter 2004/2005: implications for temperatures, winds, chemical constituents and the characterization of the Polar vortex
McConnell, J.C. and J.J. Jin
Stratospheric Ozone Chemistry
Santee, M.L., I.A. MacKenzie, G.L. Manney, M.P. Chipperfield, P.F. Bernath, K.A. Walker, C.D. Boone, L. Froidevaux, N.J. Livesey and J.W. Waters
A study of stratospheric chlorine partitioning based on new
Santee, M.L., A. Lambert, W.G. Read, N.J. Livesey, G.L. Manney, R.E. Cofield, D.T. Cuddy, W.H. Daffer, B.J. Drouin, L. Froidevaux, R.A. Fuller, R.F. Jarnot, B.W. Knosp, V.S. Perun, W.V. Snyder, P.C. Stek, R.P. Thurstans, P.A. Wagner, J.W. Waters, B. Connor, J. Urban, D. Murtagh, P. Ricaud, B. Barrett, A. Kleinboehl, J. Kuttippurath, H. Kullmann, M. von Hobe, G.C. Toon and R.A. Stachnik
Validation of the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder ClO Measurements
Connor, B.J., T. Mooney, J. Barrett, P. Solomon, A. Parrish and M. Santee
Comparison of ClO measurements from the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder to ground-based microwave measurements at Scott Base, Antarctica, in spring 2005
Kovalenko, L.J., K.W. Jucks, R.J. Salawitch, G.C. Toon, J-F. Blavier, D.G. Johnson, A. Kleinbohl, N.J. Livesey, J.J. Margitan, H.M. Pickett, M.L. Santee, B. Sen, R.A. Stachnik and J.W. Waters
Observed and Modeled HOCl Profiles in the Midlatitude Stratosphere: Implication for Ozone Loss
Barret, B., P. Ricaud, M.L. Santee, J-L. Attie, J. Urban, E. Le Flochmoen, G. Berthet, D. Murtagh, P. Eriksson, A. Jones, J. de La Noe, E. Dupuy, L. Froidevaux, N.J. Livesey, J.W. Waters and M.J. Filipiak
Intercomparisons of Trace Gas Profiles from the Odin/SMR and Aura/MLS Limb Sounders
Cofield, R.E. and P.C. Stek
Design and field-of-view calibration of 114-660 GHz optics of the Earth Observing System Microwave Limb Sounder
Schoeberl, M.R., S.R. Kawa, A.R. Douglass, T.J. McGee, E.V. Browell, J.W. Waters, N.J. Livesey, W.G. Read, L. Froidevaux, M.L. Santee, H.C. Pumphrey, L.R. Lait and L. Twigg
Chemical Observations of a Polar Vortex Intrusion
Santee, M.L., G.L. Manney, N.J. Livesey, L. Froidevaux, H.C. Pumphrey, W.G. Read, M.J. Schwartz and J.W. Waters
Polar processing and development of the 2004 Antarctic ozone hole: First results from Aura MLS
Ricaud, P., P. Baron and J.D.L. Noë
Quality assessment of ground-based microwave measurements of chlorine monoxide, ozone, and nitrogen dioxide from the NDSC radiometer at the Plateau de Bure
Rex, M., R.J. Salawitch, M.L. Santee, J.W. Waters, K. Hoppel and R. Bevilacqua
On the unexplained stratospheric ozone losses during cold Arctic Januaries
Santee, M.L., G.L. Manney, J.W. Waters and N.J. Livesey
Variations and climatology of ClO in the polar lower stratosphere from UARS MLS measurements
Danilin, M.Y., M K.W. Ko, R.M. Bevilacqua, L.V. Lyjak, L. Froidevaux, M.L. Santee, J.M. Zawodny, K.W. Hoppel, E.C. Richard, J.R. Spackman, E.M. Weinstock, R.L. Herman, K.A. McKinney, P.O. Wennberg, F.L. Eisele, R.M. Stimpfle, C.J. Scott, J.W. Elkins and T.V. Bui
Comparison of ER-2 aircraft and POAM-III, MLS, and SAGE II satellite measurements during SOLVE using traditional correlative analysis and trajectory hunting techniques
Drouin, B.J., C.E. Miller, E.A. Cohen, G. Wagner and M. Birk
Further investigations of the ClO rotational spectrum
Huang, F.T. and C.A. Reber
Synoptic estimates of chemically active species and other diurnally varying parameters in the stratosphere, derived from measurements from the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS)
Wu, J. and A.E. Dessler
Comparisons between measurements and models of Antarctic ozone loss
Danilin, M.Y., M.L. Santee, J.M. Rodriguez, M K.W. Ko, J.M. Mergenthaler, J.B. Kumer, A. Tabazadeh and N.J. Livesey
Trajectory hunting: A case study of rapid chlorine activation in December 1992 as seen by UARS
Feist, D.G., C.P. Aellig, N. Kampfer, P.M. Solomon, J.W. Barrett, S. Zoonematkermani, P. Hartogh, C. Jarchow and J.W. Waters
Validation of stratospheric ClO from the Millimeter-wave Atmospheric Sounder (MAS)
Froidevaux, L., J.W. Waters, W.G. Read, P.S. Connell, D.E. Kinnison and J.M. Russell III
Variations in the free chlorine content of the stratosphere (1991-1997): Anthropogenic, volcanic, and methane influences
Massie, S.T., X.X. Tie, G.P. Brasseur, R.M. Bevilacqua, M.D. Fromm and M.L. Santee
Chlorine activation during the 1995-1996 Arctic winter
Ricaud, P., M.P. Chipperfield, J.W. Waters, J.M. Russell III and A.E. Roche
Temporal evolution of chlorine monoxide in the middle stratosphere
Santee, M.L., G.L. Manney, N.J. Livesey and J.W. Waters
UARS Microwave Limb Sounder Observations of Denitrification and Ozone Loss in the 2000 Arctic Late Winter
van den Broek, M W.P., A. Bregman and J. Lelieveld
Model study of stratospheric chlorine activation and ozone loss during 1996/1997 winter
Khattatov, B.V., J.C. Gille, L.V. Lyjak, G.P. Brasseur, V.L. Dvortsov, A.E. Roche and J.W. Waters
Assimilation of photochemically active species and a case analysis of UARS data
Randel, W.J., F. Wu, J.M. Russell III and J. Waters
Space-time patterns of trends in stratospheric constituents derived from UARS measurements
Solomon, S.
Stratospheric ozone depletion: A review of concepts and history
Stachnik, R.A., R.J. Salawitch, A. Engel and U. Schmidt
Measurements of chlorine partitioning in the winter Arctic stratosphere
Dessler, A.E., M.D. Burrage, J-U. Grooss, J.R. Holton, J.L. Lean, S.T. Massie, M.R. Schoeberl, A.R. Douglass and C.H. Jackman
Selected science highlights from the first 5 years of the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) program
Khosravi, R., G.P. Brasseur, A. Smith, D.W. Rusch, J.W. Waters and J.M. Russell
Significant Reduction in Stratospheric Ozone Deficit using a 3-D Model Constrained with UARS Data
Ricaud, P., E. Monnier, F. Goutail, J.P. Pommereau, C. David, S. Godin, L. Froidevaux, J.W. Waters, J. Mergenthaler, A.E. Roche, H. Pumphrey and M.P. Chipperfield
Stratosphere over Dumont d
Searle, K.R., M.P. Chipperfield, S. Bekki and J.A. Pyle
The impact of spatial averaging on calculated polar ozone loss: 1. Model experiments
Siskind, D.E., L. Froidevaux, J.M. Russell III and J. Lean
Implications of upper stratospheric trace constituent changes observed by HALOE for O3 and ClO from 1992 to 1995
Engel, A., U. Schmidt and R.A. Stachnik
Partitioning Between Chlorine Reservoir Species Deduced from Observations in the Arctic Winter Stratosphere
Lutman, E.R., J.A. Pyle, M.P. Chipperfield, D.J. Lary, I. Kilbane-Dawe, J.W. Waters and N. Larsen
Three dimensional studies of the 1991/92 Northern Hemisphere winter using domain-filling trajectories with chemistry
Osterman, G.B., R.J. Salawitch, B. Sen, G.C. Toon, R.A. Stachnik, H.M. Pickett, J.J. Margitan, J-F. Blavier and D.B. Peterson
Balloon-borne measurements of stratospheric radicals and their precursors: Implications for the production and loss of ozone
Santee, M.L., G.L. Manney, L. Froidevaux, R.W. Zurek and J.W. Waters
MLS observations of ClO and HNO3 in the 1996-97 Arctic polar vortex
Aellig, C.P., N. Kampfer, C. Rudin, R.M. Bevilacqua, W. Degenhardt, P. Hartogh, C. Jarchow, K. Kunzi, J.J. Olivero, C. Croskey, J.W. Waters and H.A. Michelsen
Latitudinal distribution of upper stratospheric ClO as derived from space borne microwave spectroscopy
Chance, K., W.A. Traub, D.G. Johnson, K.W. Jucks, P. Ciarpallini, R.A. Stachnik, R.J. Salawitch and H.A. Michelsen
Simultaneous measurements of stratospheric HOx, NOx and Clx: Comparsion with a photochemical model
Chipperfield, M.P., M.L. Santee, L. Froidevaux, G.L. Manney, W.G. Read, J.W. Waters, A.E. Roche and J.M. Russell
Analyses of UARS data in the southern polar vortex in September 1992 using a chemical transport model
Dessler, A.E., S.R. Kawa, A. Douglass, D.B. Considine, J.B. Kumer, A.E. Roche, J.W. Waters, J.M. Russell III and J.C. Gille
A test of the partitioning between ClO and ClONO2 using simultaneous UARS measurements of ClO, NO2 and ClONO2
Dessler, A.E., S.R. Kawa, D.B. Considine, J.W. Waters, L. Froidevaux and J.B. Kumer
UARS measurements of ClO and NO2 at 40 and 46 km and implications for the 'ozone deficit'
Jucks, K.W., D.G. Johnson, K.V. Chance, W.A. Traub, R.J. Salawitch and R.A. Stachnik
Ozone Production and loss rate measurements in the middle stratosphere
Santee, M.L., L. Froidevaux, G.L. Manney, W.G. Read, J.W. Waters, M.P. Chipperfield, A.E. Roche, J.B. Kumer, J.L. Mergenthaler and J.M. Russell III
Chlorine deactivation in the lower stratospheric polar regions during late winter: Results from UARS
Schoeberl, M.R., A.R. Douglass, S.R. Kawa, A.E. Dessler, P.A. Newman, R.S. Stolarski, A.E. Roche, J.W. Waters and J.M. Russell III
The development of the Antarctic ozone hole
Waters, J.W., W.G. Read, L. Froidevaux, T.A. Lungu, V.S. Perun, R.A. Stachnik, R.F. Jarnot, R.E. Cofield, E.F. Fishbein, D.A. Flower, J.R. Burke, J.C. Hardy, L.L. Nakamura, B.P. Ridenoure, Z. Shippony, R.P. Thurstans, L.M. Avallone, D.W. Toohey, R.L. de Zafra and D.T. Shindell
Validation of UARS Microwave Limb Sounder ClO measurements
Crewell, S., R. Fabian, K. Kunzi, H. Nett, T. Wehr, W. Read and J. Waters
Comparison of ClO measurements made by airborne and spaceborne microwave radiometers in the Arctic winter stratosphere 1993
Dessler, A.E., D.B. Considine, G.A. Morris, M.R. Schoeberl, A.E. Roche, J. Mergenthaler, J.M. Russell III, J.W. Waters, J. Gille and G.K. Yue
Correlated observations of HCl and ClONO2 from UARS and implications for stratospheric chlorine partitioning
Douglass, A.R., M.R. Schoeberl, R.S. Stolarski, J.W. Waters, J.M. Russell III and A.E. Roche
Interhemispheric differences in springtime production of HCl and ClONO2 in the polar vortices
Eckman, R.S., W.L. Grose, R.E. Turner, W.T. Blackshear, J.M. Russell III, L. Froidevaux, J.W. Waters, J.B. Kumer and A.E. Roche
Stratospheric trace constituents simulated by a three-dimensional general circulation model: Comparison with UARS data
Fahey, D.W., G. Braathen, D. Cariolle, Y. Kondo, W.A. Matthews, M.J. Molina, J.A. Pyle, R.B. Rood, J.M. Russell III, U. Schmidt, D.W. Toohey, J.W. Waters, C.R. Webster and S.C. Wofsy
Polar Ozone
Scientific Assessment of Stratospheric Ozone 1995Geller, M.A., V. Yudin, A.R. Douglass, J.W. Waters, L.S. Elson, A.E. Roche and J.M. Russell III
UARS PSC, ClONO2, HCl, and ClO measurements in early winter: Additional verification of the paradigm for chlorine activation
Johnson, D.G., W. Traub, K. Chance, K. Jucks and R.A. Stachnik
Estimating the abundance of ClO from simultaneous remote sensing measurements of stratospheric HOx, NOx and Clx
Manney, G.L., R.W. Zurek, L. Froidevaux and J.W. Waters
Evidence for arctic ozone depletion in late February and early March 1994
Pyle, J.A., M.P. Chipperfield, I. Kilbane-Dawe, A.M. Lee, R.M. Stimpfle, D. Kohn, W. Renger and J.W. Waters
Early modelling results from the SESAME and ASHOE campaigns
Faraday Discuss. 1995Ricaud, P.D., E.S. Carr, R.S. Harwood, W.A. Lahoz, L. Froidevaux, W.G. Read, J.W. Waters, J.L. Mergenthaler, J.B. Kumer, A.E. Roche and G.E. Peckham
Polar stratospheric clouds as deduced from MLS and CLAES measurements
Santee, M.L., W.G. Read, J.W. Waters, L. Froidevaux, G.L. Manney, D.A. Flower, R.F. Jarnot, R.S. Harwood and G.E. Peckham
Interhemispheric differences in polar stratospheric HNO3, H2O, ClO and O3
Waters, J.W., G.L. Manney, W.G. Read, L. Froidevaux, D.A. Flower and R.F. Jarnot
UARS MLS observations of lower stratospheric ClO in the 1992-93 and 1993-94 arctic winter vortices
Bell, W., N.A. Martin, T.D. Gardiner, N.R. Swann, P.T. Woods, P.F. Fogal and J.W. Waters
Column measurements of stratospheric trace species over Are, Sweden in the winter of 1991-1992
Lefevre, F., G.P. Brasseur, I. Folkins, A.K. Smith and P. Simon
Chemistry of the 1991-1992 stratospheric winter: Three-dimensional model simulations
Manney, G.L., L. Froidevaux, J.W. Waters, R.W. Zurek, W.G. Read, L.S. Elson, J.B. Kumer, J.L. Mergenthaler, A.E. Roche, A. O'Neill, R.S. Harwood, I. MacKenzie and R. Swinbank
Chemical depletion of ozone in the Arctic lower stratosphere during winter 1992-93
Oh, J.J. and E.A. Cohen
Pressure broadening of ClO by N2 and O2 near 204 and 649 GHz and new frequency measurements between 632 and 725 GHz
Chipperfield, M.
Satellite maps ozone destroyer
Douglass, A., R. Rood, J. Waters, L. Froidevaux, W. Read, L. Elson, M. Geller, Y. Chi, M. Cerniglia and S. Steenrod
A 3D simulation of the early winter distribution of reactive chlorine in the north polar vortex
Geller, M.A., Y. Chi, R.B. Rood, A.R. Douglass, D.R. Allen, M. Cerniglia and J.W. Waters
3-D transport-chemistry studies of the stratosphere using satellite data together with data assimilation
The Role of the Stratosphere in Global Change 1993Schoeberl, M.R., R.S. Stolarski, A.R. Douglass, P.A. Newman, L.R. Lait, J.W. Waters, L. Froidevaux and W.G. Read
MLS ClO observations and arctic polar vortex temperatures
Waters, J.W., L. Froidevaux, G.L. Manney, W.G. Read and L.S. Elson
Lower stratospheric ClO and O3 in the 1992 southern hemisphere winter
Waters, J.W., L. Froidevaux, W.G. Read, G.L. Manney, L.S. Elson, D.A. Flower, R.F. Jarnot and R.S. Harwood
Stratospheric ClO and ozone from the Microwave Limb Sounder on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite
Waters, J.W.
The chlorine threat to stratospheric ozone
Engineering & Science 1993Stachnik, R.A., J.C. Hardy, J.A. Tarsala, J.W. Waters and N.R. Erickson
Submillimeterwave heterodyne measurements of stratospheric ClO, HCl, O3, and HO2: First results
Waters, J.W., R.A. Stachnik, J.C. Hardy and R.F. Jarnot
ClO and O3 stratospheric profiles: Balloon microwave measurements
Pickett, H.M., D.E. Brinza and E.A. Cohen
Pressure broadening of ClO by nitrogen
Waters, J.W., J.C. Hardy, R.F. Jarnot and H.M. Pickett
Chlorine monoxide radical, ozone, and hydrogen peroxide: Stratospheric measurements by microwave limb sounding
Waters, J.W., J.J. Gustincic, R.K. Kakar, H.K. Roscoe, P.N. Swanson, T.G. Phillips, T. DeGraauw, A.R. Kerr and R.J. Mattauch
Aircraft search for millimeter wavelength emission by stratospheric ClO