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Dynamics, Transport, & Waves
Contact: Gloria Manney


Summary

Dynamics and Transport are among the fundamental processes controlling the composition of the middle atmosphere (stratosphere and mesosphere) and its connections with the lower atmosphere (troposphere). Dynamics comprises the fundamental physical processes determining the characteristics and evolution of a fluid (the atmosphere) on rotating sphere externally forced by solar radiation. The study of atmospheric dynamics uses observations and mathematical models to characterize and explain the evolution of temperatures and winds, as well as products derived from them (e.g., geopotential heights, streamfunctions, vorticity and potential vorticity). An important aspect of this behavior is characterization of wave motions. Of particular importance in the middle atmoshpere are planetary scale (1 to 3 cycles around a latitude circle) waves that are forced by upper tropospheric weather systems or can be generated internally by instabilities in the background wind fields, and gravity waves.

In the stratosphere, the dominant feature of the circulation is the winter polar vortex, consisting of a band of strong winds westerly winds roughly encircling the pole (the polar night jet) that forms as a result of the fundamental balance between the Coriolis forcing and radiative forcing (air moves upward and poleward as a result of solar heating in the tropics, is deflected eastward by the Coriolis force, and descends in the polar winter because of very low temperatures there resulting from the absence of sunlight).

One of the most dramatic dynamical phenomena in the middle atmosphere is the midwinter stratospheric sudden warming (SSW). SSWs occur frequently (historically about once every two years on average) but unpredictably as a result of waves propagating from the upper troposphere under conditions that result in the waves breaking -- depositing their momentum -- in the upper stratosphere and leading to a breakdown of the winter stratospheric polar vortex. A similar process results in the "final warming" by which the polar vortex breaks down in spring, but SSWs are notable in that they disrupt and reverse the circulation in midwinter, leading to a period of easterly winds followed by a recovery to westerlies and re-establishment of the polar vortex. The most dramatic SSWs (three of which have occurred very recently, in Jan 2004, 2006, and 2009) (Manney et al, 2005, JGR; 2008, JGR, ACP; 2009, ACP, GRL) result in a complete disruption of the typical middle atmosphere high-latitude temperature structure (minimum near the tropopause, ~8-10km, maximum at the stratopause, ~50km), such that the conventional distinction between stratosphere and mesosphere is rendered somewhat meaningless (Manney et al 2008, JGR; 2009 GRL, and references therein). While SSWs are thought of as being controlled primarily by planetary scale wave motions, recent work has shown that gravity waves are also important, especially the re-establishment of the vortex after strong SSWs (e.g., Siskind et al, 2007).

The evolution of the circulation and wave motions in the middle atmosphere have also been shown to extend through the mesosphere (Lee et al, 2009, GRL, and references therein), and to affect the weather patterns in the upper troposphere, especially during extreme events such as SSWs. Dynamical processes and wave motions are also important in the tropics: Phenomena such as the annual cycle of upward transport of water vapor (and other trace gases, the so-called "tape-recorder" effect), the Quasi-biennial and semiannual oscillations, and Kelvin wave motions play a large role in determining the structure of the equatorial middle atmosphere.

The dynamics of the polar middle atmosphere is instrumental in determining the extent and timing of polar processing and ozone loss, since those processes are strongly dependent on temperature and vortex containment. In addition, dynamics play a large role in determining the composition of the middle atmosphere via transport processes. The relative roles of transport and chemistry in determining the distribution of trace gases depend on the time scales for chemical and dynamical changes; these time scales vary dramatically with season, altitude, latitude and species. Measurements of trace gases with long chemical lifetimes (e.g., N2O, in some regions CO, H2O, O3) provide information to quantify transport processes; this information is critical for assessing the ability of models to correctly reproduce atmospheric transporteg, (eg, Jin et al, 2009, ACP; Manney et al, 2009, ACP) and for calculations aimed at separating the contribution of chemical and dynamical processes to changes in atmospheric composition, especially for ozone (e.g., Manney et al, JAS, 1995a, b; Singleton et al, 2007, JGR; and references therein).

Prior to datasets from Aura MLS (and other instruments on that satellite), measurements of many species (including long-lived tracers) in the middle atmosphere were sporadic and limited in both spatial and temporal coverage. Aura MLS now provides measurements of long-lived tracers from the upper troposphere through the mesosphere with global daily coverage. CO, HNO3, O3, and H2O measurements are useful in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere as in many situations they behave as tracers of transport there. N2O is a long-lived tracer useful in studying transport in the lower through the middle stratosphere. CO and H2O provide information on transport in the upper stratosphere and into the mesosphere. Measurements from Aura MLS and other recent satellite instruments have been and continue to be instrumental in improving our understanding of middle atmosphere dynamics and transport.

Further Reading

General:
  • Labitzke and van Loon, "The Stratosphere" (Springer, 1999)


    • Advanced:
  • Andrews, Holton, and Leovy, "Middle Atmosphere Dynamics"


    • Review Papers:
  • Shepherd, T.G., The Middle Atmosphere, JASTP, 2000
  • Shepherd, T.G., Transport in the middle atmosphere, JMSJ, 2007
  • Shepherd, T.G., Dynamics, Stratospheric Ozone, and Climate Change, Atmosphere-Ocean, 2008
  • Baldwin et al, The quasi-biennial oscillation, Rev. Geophys., 2001
  • Fritts and Alexander, Gravity Wave Dynamics and Effects in the Middle Atmosphere, Rev. Geophys., 2003
    		•

    MLS-related publications concerning stratospheric dyanmics and transport

    2011

    1. Huang, L., "Geographic and seasonal distributions of CO transport pathways and their roles in determining CO centers in the upper troposphere", vol doi:10.5194/acpd-11-32423-2011, num 11, 2011. Reprint
    2. Pumphrey, H.C., "Microwave Limb Sounder observations of biomass-burning products from the Australian bush fires of February 2009", vol doi:10.5194/acp-11-6285-2011, num 11, pgs. 2, 2011. Reprint

    2010

    1. Hegglin, M.I., "Multimodel assessment of the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere: Extratropics", vol doi:10.1029/2010JD013884, num 115, 2010. Reprint
    2. Jiang, J.H., "Five-year (2004-2009) Observations of Upper Tropospheric Water Vapor and Cloud Ice from MLS and Comparisons with GEOS-5 analyses", vol doi:10.1029/2009JD013256, num 115, 2010. Reprint
    3. Robert, C.E., "First evidence of a 27 day solar signature in noctilucent cloud occurrence frequency", vol doi:10.1029/2009JD012359, num 115, 2010. Reprint

    2009

    1. Belova, A., "Planetary waves in ozone and temperature in the Northern Hemisphere winters of 2002/2003 and early 2005", num 27, 2009. Reprint
    2. Chernigovskaya, M.A., "Morphological features of the atmosphere temperature regime in the south region of East Siberia", vol doi:10.1117/12.823815, num 7296, 2009. Reprint
    3. Fadnavis, S., "Quasi-biennial oscillation in ozone and temperature over tropics", vol doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2008.11.012, num 71, 2009. Reprint
    4. Fueglistaler, S., "The Tropical Tropopause Layer", vol doi:10.1029/2008RG000267, num 47, 2009. Reprint
    5. Karlsson, B., "Intra-seasonal variability of polar mesospheric clouds due to inter-hemispheric coupling", vol doi:10.1029/2009GL040348, num 36, 2009. Reprint
    6. Lee, J.N., "Aura Microwave Limb Sounder observations of the Northern Annular Mode: From the mesosphere to the upper troposphere", vol doi:10.1029/2009GL040678, num 36, 2009. Reprint
    7. Limpasuvan, V., "Anomalous Two-day Wave Behavior during the 2006 Austral Summer", vol doi:10.1029/2008GL036387, num 36, 2009. Reprint
    8. Manney, G.L., "Aura Microwave Limb Sounder Observations of Dynamics and Transport During the Record-breaking 2009 Arctic Stratospheric Major Warming", vol doi:10.1029/2009GL038586, num 36, 2009. Reprint
    9. Manney, G.L., "Satellite Observations and Modelling of Transport in the Upper Troposphere through the Lower Mesosphere During the 2006 Major Stratospheric Sudden Warming", num 9, 2009. Reprint
    10. Morris, R.J., "Inter-hemispheric asymmetry in polar mesosphere summer echoes and temperature at 69<°> latitude", vol doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2008.09.042, num 71, 2009. Reprint
    11. Morris, R.J., "Low latitude 2-day planetary wave impact on austral polar mesopause temperatures: revealed by a January diminution in PMSE above Davis, Antarctica", vol doi:10.1029/2009GL037817, num 36, 2009. Reprint

    2008

    1. Alexander, M.J., "Global Estimates of Gravity Wave Momentum Flux from High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder (HIRDLS) Observations", vol doi:10.1029/2007JD008807, num 113, 2008. Reprint
    2. Flury, T., "Water vapor transport in the lower mesosphere of the subtropics: a trajectory analysis", num 8, 2008. Reprint
    3. Froidevaux, L., "Validation of Aura Microwave Limb Sounder stratospheric ozone measurements", vol doi:10.1029/2007JD008771, num 113, 2008. Reprint
    4. Harvey, V.L., "Low-ozone pockets observed by EOS-MLS", vol doi:10.1029/2007JD009181, num 113, 2008. Reprint
    5. Hegglin, M.I., "Validation of ACE-FTS satellite date in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (UTLS) using non-coincident measurements", num 8, 2008. Reprint
    6. Huang, X., "Cloud radiative effect on tropical troposphere to stratosphere transport represented in a large-scale model", vol doi:10.1029/2008GL035673, num 35, 2008. Reprint
    7. Jackson, D.R., "Estimation of Arctic ozone loss in winter 2004/05 based on assimilation of EOS MLS observations", vol doi:10.1002/qj.316, num 134, 2008. Reprint
    8. Jiang, J.H., "Clean and polluted clouds: relationships among pollution, ice cloud and precipitation in South America", vol doi:10.1029/2008GL034631, num 35, 2008. Reprint
    9. Livesey, N.J., "Validation of Aura Microwave Limb Sounder O3 and CO observations in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere", vol doi:10.1029/2007JD008805, num 113, 2008. Reprint
    10. Manney, G.L., "The evolution of the stratopause during the 2006 major warming: Satellite Data and Assimilated Meteorological Analyses", vol doi:10.1029/2007JD009097, num 113, 2008. Reprint
    11. Manney, G.L., "The High Arctic in Extreme Winters: Vortex, Temperature, and MLS and ACE-FTS Trace Gas Evolution", num 8, 2008. Reprint
    12. Namboothiri, S.P., "CHAMP observations of global gravity wave fields in the troposphere and stratosphere", vol doi:10.1029/2007JD008912, num 113, 2008. Reprint
    13. Pumphrey, H.C., "The tropical tape recorder observed in HCN", vol doi:10.1029/2007GL032137, num 35, 2008. Reprint
    14. Sandford, D.J., "The Wintertime two-day wave the the Polar Stratosphere, Mesosphere and lower Thermosphere", num 8, 2008. Reprint
    15. Schoeberl, M.R., "Comparison of lower stratospheric tropical mean vertical velocities", vol doi:10.1029/2008JD010221, num 113, 2008. Reprint
    16. Schwartz, M.J., "Validation of the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder Temperature and Geopotential Height Measurements", vol doi:10.1029/2007JD008783, num 113, 2008. Reprint
    17. Shepherd, M.G., "Temperature variability in the tropical mesosphere during the northern hemisphere winter", vol doi:10.1016/j.asr.2007.04.035, num 41, 2008. Reprint
    18. Sica, R.J., "Validation of the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE) Version 2.2 Temperature Using Ground-based and Space-borne Measurements", num 8, 2008. Reprint
    19. Strong, K., "Validation of ACE-FTS N2O measurements", num 8, 2008. Reprint
    20. Wu, D.L., "Global gravity wave variances from Aura MLS: Characteristics and interpretations", vol doi:10.1175/2008JAS2489.1, num 65, 2008. Reprint
    21. Wu, D.L., "Mesospheric Doppler Wind Measurements from Aura Microwave Limb Sounder", vol doi:10.1016/j.asr.2007.06.014, 2008. Reprint

    2007

    1. Eckermann, S.D., "A Three-Dimensional Mountain Wave Imaged in Satellite", num 133, 2007. Reprint
    2. Feng, L., "Equatorial Kelvin waves as revealed by EOS Microwave Limb Sounder observations and European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts analyses: Evidence for slow Kelvin waves of zonal wave number 3", vol doi:10.1029/2006JD008329, num 112, 2007. Reprint
    3. Lambert, A., "Validation of the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder middle atmosphere water vapor and nitrous oxide measurements", vol doi:10.1029/2007JD008724, num 112, 2007. Reprint
    4. Limpasuvan, V., "Stratospheric Gravity Wave Simulation over Greenland during 24 January 2005", vol doi:10.1029/2006JD007823, num 112, 2007. Reprint
    5. Manney, G.L., "Solar Occultation Satellite Data and Derived Meteorological Products: Sampling Issues and Comparisons with Aura MLS", vol doi:10.1029/2007JD008709, num 112, 2007. Reprint
    6. Pumphrey, H.C., "Validation of middle-atmosphere carbon monoxide retrievals from MLS on Aura", vol doi:10.1029/2007JD008723, num 112, 2007. Reprint
    7. Santee, M.L., "Validation of Aura Microwave Limb Sounder HNO3 Measurements", vol doi:10.1029/2007JD008721, num 112, 2007. Reprint
    8. Shepherd, M.G., "Stratospheric warming effects on the tropical mesospheric temperature field", vol doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2007.04.009, num 69, 2007. Reprint
    9. Strahan, S.E., "Observationally derived transport diagnostics for the lowermost stratosphere and their application to the GMI chemistry and transport model ", num 7, 2007. Reprint
    10. von Savigny, C., "Satellite observations of the quasi 5-day wave in noctilucent clouds and mesopause temperatures", vol doi:10.1029/2007GL030987, num 34, 2007. Reprint
    11. Wong, S., "Regulation of H2O and CO in Tropical Tropopause Layer by the Madden-Julian Oscillation", vol doi:10.1029/2006JD007940, num 112, 2007. Reprint
    12. Ziemke, J.R., "Intra-seasonal variability in tropospheric ozone and water vapor in the tropics", vol doi:10.1029/2007GL030965, num 34, 2007. Reprint

    2006

    1. Allen, D.R., "NOGAPS-ALPHA Simulations of the 2002 Southern Hemisphere Major Warming", num 134, 2006. Reprint Summary
    2. Eckermann, S.D., "Imaging gravity waves in lower stratospheric AMSU-A Radiances, Part 1: Simple forward model", num 6, 2006. Reprint
    3. Eckermann, S.D., "Imaging gravity waves in lower stratospheric AMSU-A Radiances, Part 2: Validation case study", num 6, 2006. Reprint
    4. Folkins, I., "Testing convective parameterizations with tropical measurements of HNO3, CO, H2O, and O3: Implications fotr the water vapor budget", vol doi:10.1029/2006JD007325, num 111, 2006. Reprint
    5. Hocke, K., "Temporal Variance of Lower Mesospheric Ozone Over Switzerland During Winter 2000/2001", vol doi:10.1029/2005GL025496, num 33, 2006. Reprint
    6. Jiang, J.H., "Inter-annual variation of gravity waves in the Arctic and Antarctic winter middle atmosphere", num 38, 2006. Reprint
    7. Leblanc, T., "Simultaneous lidar and MLS measurements, and modeling, of a rare polar ozone filament event over Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii", vol doi:10.1029/2006GL026257, num 33, 2006. Reprint
    8. Manney, G.L., "EOS Microwave Limb Sounder Observations of 'frozen-in' anticyclone air in Arctic summer", vol doi:10.1029/2005GL025418, num 33, 2006. Reprint Supplemental Summary
    9. Oikonomou, E.K., "Evaluation of ozone and water vapor fields from the ECMWF reanalysis ERA-40 during 1991-1999 in comparison with UARS satellite and MOZAIC aircraft observations", vol doi:10.1029/2004JD005341, num 111, 2006. Reprint
    10. Pumphrey, H.C., "Measurement of HCN in the middle atmosphere by EOS MLS", vol doi:10.1029/2005GL025656, num 33, 2006. Reprint
    11. Wu, D.L., "Remote sounding of atmospheric gravity waves with satellite limb and nadir techniques", num 37, 2006. Reprint
    12. Wu, D.L., "Small-scale fluctuations and scintillations in high-resolution GPS SNR and phase data", num 68, 2006. Reprint

    2005

    1. Folkins, I., " The Vertical Structure of Tropical Convection and Its Impact on the Budgets of Water Vapor and Ozone", num 62, 2005. Reprint
    2. Jiang, J.H., "Seasonal variation of gravity wave sources from satellite observation", num 35, 2005. Reprint
    3. Limpasuvan, V., "The two-day wave in EOS MLS temperature and wind measurements during 2004-2005 winter", vol doi:10.1029/2005GL023396, num 32, 2005. Reprint Summary
    4. Manney, G.L., "Diagnostic comparison of meteorological analyses during the 2002 Antarctic winter", num 133, 2005. Reprint Summary
    5. Manney, G.L., "EOS Microwave Limb Sounder Observations of the Antarctic Polar Vortex Breakup in 2004", vol doi:10.1029/2005GL022823, num 32, 2005. Reprint Summary
    6. Manney, G.L., "Simulations of Dynamics and Transport During the September 2002 Antarctic Major Warming", num 62, 2005. Reprint Supplemental Summary
    7. Manney, G.L., "The remarkable 2003-2004 winter and other recent warm winters in the Arctic stratosphere since the late 1990s", vol doi:10.1029/2004JD005367, num 110, 2005. Reprint Summary
    8. Nassar, R., "ACE-FTS measurements across the edge of the winter 2004 Arctic vortex", vol doi:10.1029/2005GL022671, num 32, 2005. Reprint Summary
    9. Nassar, R., "Stratospheric abundances of water and methane based on ACE-FTS measurements", vol doi:10.1029/2005GL022383, num 32, 2005. Reprint Summary
    10. Orsolini, Y.J., "An observational study of the final breakdown of the southern hemisphere stratospheric vortex in 2002", num 62, 2005. Reprint Summary
    11. Wu, D.L., "Interannual and Seasonal Variations of Diurnal Tide, Gravity Wave, Ozone, and Water Vapor as Observed by MLS during 1991-1994", num 35, 2005. Reprint Summary

    2004

    1. Jiang, J.H., "A Search for Mountain Waves in MLS Stratospheric Limb Radiances from the Winter Northern Hemisphere: Data Analysis and Global Mountain Wave Modeling", vol doi:10.1029/2003JD003974, num 109, 2004. Reprint Summary
    2. Jiang, J.H., "Comparison of GPOS/SAC-C and MIPAS/ENVISAT Temperature Profiles and Its Possible Implementation for EOS MLS Observations", 2004. Reprint Summary
    3. Livesey, N.J., "Enhancements in lower stratospheric CH3CN observed by UARS MLS fillowing boreal forest fires", vol doi:10.1029/2003JD004055, num 109, 2004. Reprint Summary
    4. Mote, P.W., "Kelvin wave signatures in stratospheric trace constituents", vol doi:10.1029/2002JD003370, num 109, 2004. Reprint Summary
    5. Randel, W., "The SPARC Intercomparison of Middle-Atmosphere Climatologies", num 17, 2004. Reprint Summary
    6. Read, W.G., "A New 147-56 hPa Water Vapor Product from the UARS Microwave Limb Sounder", vol doi:10.1029/2003JD004366, num 109, 2004. Reprint
    7. Riggin, D.M., "The 2-day wave during the boreal summer of 1994", vol doi:10.1029/2003JD004493, num 109, 2004. Reprint
    8. Santee, M.L., "Three-dimensional structure and evolution of stratospheric HNO3 based on UARS Microwave Limb Sounder measurements", vol doi:10.1029/2004JD004578, num 109, 2004. Reprint Summary
    9. Wu, D.L., "A study of mesoscale gravity waves over North Atlantic with satellite observations and a mesoscale model", vol doi:10.1029/2004JD005090, num 109, 2004. Reprint Summary
    10. Wu, D.L., "Mesoscale gravity wave variances from AMSU-A radiances", vol doi:10.1029/2004GL019562, num 31, 2004. Reprint Summary

    2003

    1. Allen, D.R., "Unusual Stratospheric Transport and Mixing during the 2002 Antarctic Winter", vol doi:10.1029/2003GL017117, num 30, 2003. Reprint Summary
    2. Jiang, J.H., "Mountain Waves in the Middle Atmosphere: Microwave Limb Sounder Observations and Analyses", num 32, 2003. Reprint Summary
    3. Limpasuvan, V., "Two-day wave observations of UARS Microwave Limb Sounder mesospheric water vapor and temperature", vol doi:10.1029/2002JD002903, num 108, pgs. D10, 2003. Reprint Summary
    4. Wu, D.L., "Mesospheric temperature from UARS MLS: retrieval and validation", num 65, pgs. Issue 2, 2003. Reprint

    2002

    1. Jiang, J.H., "Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) MLS observation of mountain waves over the Andes", vol doi:10.1029/2002JD002091, num 107, pgs. D20, 2002. Reprint Summary
    2. Kley, D., "SPARC assessment of upper tropospheric and stratospheric water vapour", num 2, pgs. WMO/ICSU/IOC, 2002.
    3. Manney, G.L., "Simulations of fall and early winter in the stratosphere", num 128, 2002. Reprint Summary
    4. Michelsen, H.A., "ATMOS Version 3 water vapor measurements: Comparisons with observations from two ER-2 Lyman-alpha hygrometers, MkIV, HALOE, SAGE II, MAS, and MLS", vol doi:10.1029/2001JD000587, num 107, pgs. D3, 2002. Reprint Summary
    5. Mote, P.W., "Kelvin Waves in stratospheric temperature observed by the Microwave Limb Sounder", vol doi:10.1029/2001JD001056, num 107, pgs. D14, 2002. Reprint Summary
    6. Riese, M., "Stratospheric transport by planetary wave mixing as observed during CRISTA-2", vol doi:10.1029/2001JD000629, num 107, pgs. D23, 2002. Reprint
    7. Salby, M., "Mesospheric inversions and their relationship to planetary wave structure", vol doi:10.1029/2001JD000756, num 107, pgs. D4, 2002. Reprint Summary
    8. Struthers, H., "Assimilation of Ozone Profiles and Total Column Measurements into a Global General Circulation Model", vol doi:10.1029/2001JD000957, num 107, pgs. D20, 2002. Reprint
    9. Wu, D.L., "MLS Observations of Atmospheric Gravity Waves over Antarctica", vol doi:10.1029/2002JD002390, num 107, pgs. D24, 2002. Reprint Summary

    2001

    1. Azeem, S M.I., "Observations of the 2-day wave in UARS MLS temperature and ozone measurements", num 28, pgs. D16, 2001. Reprint Summary
    2. Clark, H.L., "Water vapour in the tropical lower stratosphere during the driest phase of the atmospheric 'tape recorder'", num 106, pgs. D19, 2001. Reprint
    3. Jiang, J.H., "UARS MLS Observations of Gravity Waves Associated with the Arctc Winter Stratospheric Vortex", num 28, 2001. Reprint Summary
    4. Lee, A.M., "The impact of the mixing properties within the Antarctic stratospheric vortex on ozone loss in spring", num 106, pgs. D3, 2001. Reprint
    5. Livesey, N.J., "Stratospheric CH3CN from the UARS Microwave Limb Sounder", num 28, 2001. Reprint
    6. Manney, G.L., "A unique stratospheric warming event in November 2000", num 28, 2001. Reprint
    7. Pawson, S., "The Tropical Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere in the GEOS-2 GCM", num 27, 2001. Reprint
    8. Wu, D.L., "Horizontal wavenumber spectrum of MLS radiances", num 63, 2001. Reprint Summary

    2000

    1. Gettleman, A., "Simulations of water vapor in the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere", num 105, pgs. D7, 2000. Reprint
    2. Gray, L.J., "A model study of the influence of the quasi-biennial oscillation on trace gas distributions in the middle and upper stratosphere", num 105, pgs. D4, 2000. Reprint
    3. Kley, D., "SPARC Assessment of Upper Tropospheric and Stratospheric Water Vapor", 2000.
    4. Limpasuvan, V., "Observed Temperature Two-Day Wave and Its Relatives near the Stratopause", num 57, 2000. Reprint
    5. McLandress, C., "Microwave Limb Sounder observations of gravity waves in the stratosphere: A climatology and interpretation", num 105, pgs. D9, 2000. Reprint
    6. Morris, G.A., "Trajectory Mapping: A tool for validation of trace gas observations", num 105, pgs. D14, 2000. Reprint
    7. Pan, L.L., "The seasonal cycle of water vapor and saturation mixing ratio in the extratropical lowermost stratosphere", num 105, pgs. D21, 2000. Reprint
    8. Pumphrey, H.C., "Lower stratospheric water vapor measured by UARS MLS", num 27, 2000. Reprint

    1999

    1. Mlynczak, M.G., "A Detailed Evaluation of the Stratospheric Heat Budget, 2. Global Radiation Balance and Diabatic Circulations", num 104, pgs. D6, 1999. Reprint
    2. Plane, J., "Mesospheric Na Layer at 40 degrees N: Modelling and Observations", num 104, pgs. D3, 1999. Reprint
    3. Randel, W.J., "Space-time patterns of trends in stratospheric constituents derived from UARS measurements", num 104, pgs. D3, 1999. Reprint
    4. Santee, M.L., "Six years of UARS Microwave Limb Sounder HNO3 observations: Seasonal, interhemispheric, and interannual variations in the lower stratosphere", num 104, pgs. D7, 1999. Reprint
    5. Sassi, F., "Diurnal variations in the middle atmosphere observed by UARS", num 104, pgs. D3, 1999. Reprint
    6. Swinbank, R., "Stratospheric tides and data assimilation", num 104, pgs. D14, 1999. Reprint

    1998

    1. Levelt, P.F., "Assimilation of the MLS ozone measurements in the global three-dimensional chemistry transport model ROSE", num 25, 1998. Reprint
    2. Manney, G.L., "Modelling ozone laminae in ground-based Arctic wintertime observations using trajectory calculations and satellite data", num 103, pgs. D5, 1998. Reprint
    3. Manney, G.L., "The 4-Day Wave and Transport of UARS Tracers in the Austral Polar Vortex", num 55, 1998. Reprint
    4. Minschwaner, K., "Infrared radiative forcing and atmospheric lifetimes of trace species based on observations from UARS", num 103, pgs. D18, 1998. Reprint
    5. Morrey, M.W., "Interhemispheric differences in stratospheric water vapour during late winter, in version 4 MLS measurements", num 25, 1998. Reprint
    6. Morris, G.A., "Low ozone pockets explained", num 103, pgs. D3, 1998. Reprint
    7. Mote, P.W., "Sub-seasonal variations in lower stratospheric water vapor", num 25, 1998. Reprint
    8. Nair, H., "Localized Rapid Ozone Loss in the Northern Winter Stratosphere: An Analysis of UARS Observations", num 103, pgs. D1, 1998. Reprint
    9. Orsolini, Y.J., "Layering in stratospheric profiles of long-lived trace species: Balloon-borne observations and modeling", num 103, pgs. D5, 1998. Reprint
    10. Pumphrey, H.C., "A preliminary zonal mean climatology of water vapour in the stratosphere and mesosphere", num 21, 1998. Reprint
    11. Pumphrey, H.C., "Nonlinear retrievals of water vapour from the UARS Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS)", num 21, 1998. Reprint
    12. Randel, W.J., "Seasonal Cycles and QBO Variations in Stratospheric CH4 and H2O Observed in UARS HALOE Data", num 55, 1998. Reprint
    13. Wu, D.L., "Equatorial Diurnal Variations Observed in UARS MLS Temperature during 1991-1994 and Simulated by the Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model", num 103, pgs. D9, 1998. Reprint
    14. Ziemke, J.R., "Two new methods for deriving tropospheric column ozone from TOMS measurements: Assimilated UARS MLS/HALOE and convective-cloud differential techniques", num 103, pgs. D17, 1998. Reprint

    1997

    1. Alexander, M.J., "A model of non-stationary gravity waves in the stratosphere and comparison to observations", 1997.
    2. Allen, D.R., "The 4-day wave as observed from the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite Microwave Limb Sounder", num 54, 1997. Reprint
    3. Nedoluha, G.E., "A comparative study of mesospheric water vapor measurements from the ground-based water vapor millimeter-wave spectrometer and space-based instruments", num 102, pgs. D14, 1997. Reprint
    4. Orsolini, Y.J., "Dynamical modelling of wintertime lidar observations in the arctic: Ozone laminae and ozone depletion", num 123, 1997. Reprint
    5. Pumphrey, H.C., "Water Vapour and Ozone in the Mesosphere as measured by UARS MLS", num 24, 1997. Reprint
    6. Schoeberl, M.R., "An estimation of the dynamical isolation of the tropical lower stratosphere using UARS wind and trace gas observations of the quasi-biennial oscillation", num 24, 1997. Reprint
    7. Waters, J.W., "The Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS)", 1997.
    8. Wu, D.L., "Observations of gravity waves with the UARS Microwave Limb Sounder", 1997. Reprint

    1996

    1. Elson, L.S., "Space-time variations in water vapor as observed by the UARS Microwave Limb Sounder", num 101, pgs. D4, 1996. Reprint
    2. Eluszkiewicz, J., "Residual circulation in the stratosphere and lower mesosphere as diagnosed from Microwave Limb Sounder data", num 53, 1996. Reprint
    3. Fishbein, E.F., "Validation of UARS Microwave Limb Sounder temperature and pressure measurements", num 101, pgs. D6, 1996. Reprint
    4. Kumer, J.B., "Comparison of correlative data with HNO3 version 7 from the CLAES instrument deployed on the NASA Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite", num 101, pgs. D6, 1996. Reprint
    5. Lahoz, W.A., "Validation of UARS Microwave Limb Sounder 183 GHz H2O measurements", num 101, pgs. D6, 1996. Reprint
    6. Mote, P.W., "An atmospheric tape recorder: the imprint of tropical tropopause temperatures on stratospheric water vapor", num 101, pgs. D2, 1996. Reprint
    7. Singh, U.N., "Stratospheric temperature measurements by two collocated NDSC lidar during UARS validation campaign", num 101, pgs. D6, 1996. Reprint
    8. Stone, E.M., "Baroclinic wave variations observed in MLS upper tropospheric water vapor", num 23, 1996. Reprint
    9. Wu, D.L., "Excitation and evolution of the quasi 2-day wave observed in UARS/MLS temperature measurements", num 53, 1996. Reprint
    10. Wu, D.L., "Gravity-wave-scale temperature fluctuations seen by the UARS MLS", num 23, 1996. Reprint
    11. Wu, D.L., "Satellite observations of atmospheric variances: a possible indication of gravity waves", num 23, 1996. Reprint

    1995

    1. Canziani, P.O., "Equatorial Kelvin wave variability during 1992 and 1993", num 100, pgs. D3, 1995. Reprint
    2. Carr, E.S., "Tropical stratospheric water vapor measured by the microwave limb sounder (MLS)", num 22, 1995. Reprint
    3. Limpasuvan, V., "Observations of the two-day wave near the southern summer stratopause", num 22, 1995. Reprint
    4. Manney, G.L., "Formation of low ozone pockets in the middle stratosphere anticyclone during winter", num 100, pgs. D7, 1995. Reprint
    5. Manney, G.L., "Lagrangian transport calculations using UARS data. Part I: Passive tracers", num 52, 1995. Reprint
    6. Manney, G.L., "Lagrangian transport calculations using UARS data. Part II: Ozone", num 52, 1995. Reprint
    7. Morris, G.A., "Trajectory mapping of Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) data", num 100, pgs. D8, 1995. Reprint
    8. Mote, P.W., "Seasonal variation of water vapour in the tropical lower stratosphere", num 22, 1995. Reprint
    9. Randel, W.J., "Ozone and temperature changes in the stratosphere following the eruption of Mount Pinatubo", num 100, pgs. D8, 1995. Reprint
    10. Rosenlof, K.H., "Seasonal cycle of the residual mean meridional circulation in the stratosphere", num 100, pgs. D3, 1995. Reprint
    11. Stone, E.M., "Space-time integrity of improved stratospheric and mesospheric sounder and microwave limb sounder temperature fields at Kelvin wave scales", num 100, pgs. D7, 1995. Reprint

    1994

    1. Canziani, P.O., "Equatorial Kelvin Waves: A UARS MLS View", num 51, 1994. Reprint
    2. Lahoz, W.A., "Three-dimensional evolution of water vapour distributions in the northern hemisphere as observed by MLS", num 51, 1994. Reprint
    3. Ray, E., "The tropical semiannual oscillation in temperature and ozone observed by the MLS", num 51, 1994. Reprint

    1993

    1. Elson, L.S., "The use of Fourier transforms for asynoptic mapping: Early results from the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite Microwave Limb Sounder", num 98, 1993. Reprint
    2. Fishbein, E.F., "MLS observations of stratospheric waves in temperature and O3 during the 1992 southern winter", num 20, 1993. Reprint
    3. Harwood, R.S., "Springtime stratospheric water vapour in the southern hemisphere as measured by MLS", num 20, 1993. Reprint
    4. Randel, W.J., "Stratospheric transport from the tropics to middle latitudes by planetary-wave mixing", num 365, 1993. Reprint

    1980

    1. Waters, J.W., "Measurements of upper atmospheric H2O emission at 183 GHz", 1980.

    1976

    1. Waters, J.W., "Microwave measurement of mesospheric carbon monoxide", num 191, 1976. Reprint


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