Microwave Limb Sounder

Contact: William Read for troposhpere
Alyn Lambert for stratosphere and mesosphere

Basic Information Water vapor is the dominant greenhouse gas in the troposphere. Its greatest influences on climate forcing is in the upper troposphere, and it is generally believed that water vapor amplifies the radiative forcing associated with the anthropogenic increases in carbon dioxide. In the tropics upper tropospheric water vapor is closely linked to sea surface temperature and thus ocean-atmosphere coupling phenomena such as the El Nino southern oscillation can be observed. Energy is released when water vapor condenses and large values of relative humidity, which is derived from water vapor and temperature, show where cloud formation is likely. Stratospheric water vapor influences stratospheric ozone chemistry both by providing a source of odd-hydrogen that destroys ozone and by influencing the formation of polar stratospheric clouds that trigger processes leading to large ozone loss in polar winter. Water vapor has been increasing in the stratosphere, believed due to changes near the tropical troposphere where water vapor enters the stratosphere.

The H2O Molecule

The standard water vapor product is taken from the 190 GHz (Core+R2A) retrieval. Due to the magnitude of changes with height in the upper troposphere, the vertical profile of water vapor is represented as piecewise-linear in the logarithm of water vapor mixing ratio versus logarithm of atmospheric pressure. For this reason, scientific studies using averages of MLS water vapor data should perform the averaging in logarithm of mixing ratio.

(map from 2005d264)

H2O Information from the Spectroscopy Database Product Information Line Listing

Future Publications

1. Flury, T., "Correlation among cirrus ice content, water vapor and temperature in the TTL as observed by CALIPSO and Aura/MLS", num 11, Not yet published. Reprint Supplemental
2. Jiang, J.H., "Evaluation of Cloud and Water Vapor Simulations in IPCC AR5 Climate Models Using NASA 'A-Train' Satellite Observations", Not yet published. Reprint Supplemental

2012

1. Wu, L., "Hydration or dehydration: competing effects of upper tropospheric cloud radiation on the TTL water vapor", vol doi:10.5194/acpd-12-4655-2012, num 12, 2012.

2011

1. Alexander, S.P., "The effect of orographic gravity waves on Antarctic polar stratospheric cloud occurrence and composition", vol doi:10.1029/2010JD015184, num 116, 2011. Reprint Preprint
2. Bhawar, R.L., "Variation of upper tropospheric clouds and water vapor over the Indian ocean", vol doi:10.5194/acpd-11-21769-2011, pgs. 11, 2011. Preprint
3. Das, S.K., "Influence of tropical easterly jet on upper tropical cirrus: An observational study from CALIPSO, Aura-MLS and NCEP/NCAR data", vol doi:10.1029/2011JD015923, num 116, 2011. Reprint Preprint
4. de Laat, A.T.J., "The 2010 Antarctic ozone hole: Observed reduction in ozone destruction by minor sudden stratospheric warmings", vol 10.1038/srep00038, num 1, pgs. 38, 2011. Preprint
5. Huang, L., "Geographic and seasonal distributions of CO transport pathways and their roles in determining CO centers in the upper troposphere", vol doi:10.5194/acpd-11-32423-2011, num 11, 2011. Reprint Preprint
6. Lahoz, W.A., "The 2009 stratospheric major warming described from synergistic use of BASCOE water vapour analyses and MLS observations", vol doi:10.5194/acp-11-4689-2011, num 11, 2011. Preprint
7. Lee, J.N., "Aura Microwave Limb Sounder Observations of the Polar Middle Atmosphere: Dynamics and Transport of CO and H2O", vol doi:10.1029/2010JD014608, num 116, 2011. Reprint Preprint
8. Liang, C.K., "Record of tropical interannual variability of temperature and water vapor from a combined AIRS-MLS data set", vol doi:10.1029/2010JD014841, num 116, 2011. Preprint
9. Manney, G.L., "Unprecedented Arctic ozone loss in 2011", vol doi:10.1038/nature10556, num 478, 2011. Preprint
10. Minschwaner, K.R., "Hydroxyl in the stratosphere and mesosphere - Part 1: Diurnal variability", num 11, 2011. Preprint
11. Nedoluha, G.E., "Ground-based microwave measurements of water vapor from the midstratosphere to the mesosphere", vol doi:10.1029/2010JD014728 , num 116, pgs. D0230, 2011. Reprint Preprint
12. Pumphrey, H.C., "Microwave Limb Sounder observations of biomass-burning products from the Australian bush fires of February 2009", vol doi:10.5194/acp-11-6285-2011, num 11, pgs. 2, 2011. Reprint Preprint
13. Pumphrey, H.C., "Observation of the exhaust plume from the space shuttle main engines using the microwave limb sounder", vol doi:10.5194/amt-4-89-2011, num 4, pgs. 1, 2011. Reprint Preprint
14. Russo, M.R., "Representation of tropical deep convection in atmospheric models - Part 1: Meteorology and comparison with satellite observations", vol doi:10.5194/acp-11-2765-2011, num 11, 2011. Preprint
15. Su, H., "Observed Increase of TTL Temperature and Water Vapor in Polluted Clouds over Asia", num 24, pgs. 11, 2011. Reprint Preprint
16. Thieblemont, R., "Frozen‐in anticyclones occurring in polar Northern Hemisphere during springtime: Characterization, occurrence and link with quasi‐biennial oscillation", vol 10.1029/2011JD016042, num 116, 2011. Preprint
17. Tian, W., "A study of upper troposphere and lower stratosphere water vapor above the Tibetan Plateau using AIRS and MLS data", vol doi:10.1002/asl.319, num 12, pgs. 2, 2011. Preprint
18. Wright, J.S., "The influence of summertime convection over Southeast Asia on water vapor in the tropical stratosphere", vol doi:10.1029/2010JD015416, num 116, 2011. Preprint
19. Zelinka, M.D., "The observed sensitivity of high clouds to mean surface temperature anomalies in the tropics", vol 10.1029/2011JD016459, num 116, 2011. Preprint

2010

1. Damiani, A., "The hydroxyl radical as an indicator of SEP fluxes in the high-latitude terrestrial atmosphere", num 46, 2010. Preprint
2. Eguchi, N., "Impacts of Stratospheric Sudden Warming Event on Tropical Clouds and Moisture Fields in the TTL: A Case Study", vol doi:10.2151/sola.2010-035, num 6, 2010. Preprint
3. Eriksson, P., "Diurnal variations of humidity and ice water content in the tropical upper troposphere", vol doi:10.5194/acp-10-11519-2010, num 10, 2010. Preprint
4. Jiang, J.H., "Five-year (2004-2009) Observations of Upper Tropospheric Water Vapor and Cloud Ice from MLS and Comparisons with GEOS-5 analyses", vol doi:10.1029/2009JD013256, num 115, 2010. Reprint Preprint
5. L'Ecuyer, T.S., "Touring the atmosphere aboard the A-Train", num 63, pgs. 7, 2010. Preprint
6. Liu, Y.S., "Advection-condensation paradigm for stratospheric water vapor", vol doi:10.1029/2010JD014352, num 115, 2010. Preprint
7. Massie, S.T., "HIRDLS and CALIPSO observations of tropical cirrus", vol doi:10.1029/2009JD012100, num 114, 2010. Preprint
8. Minschwaner, K., "The photochemistry of carbon monoxide in the stratosphere and mesosphere evaluated from observations by the Microwave Limb Sounder on the Aura satellite", vol doi:10.1029/2009JD012654, num 115, 2010. Reprint Preprint
9. Ott, L., "Influence of the 2006 Indonesian biomass burning aerosols on tropical dynamics studies with the GEOS-5 AGCM", vol doi:10.1029/2009JD013181, num 115, 2010. Reprint Preprint
10. Robert, C.E., "First evidence of a 27 day solar signature in noctilucent cloud occurrence frequency", vol doi:10.1029/2009JD012359, num 115, 2010. Preprint
11. Rong, P., "Validation of v1.22 mesospheric water vapor observed by the Solar Occultation for Ice Experiment instrument on the Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere satellite", vol doi:10.1029/2010JD014269, num 115, 2010. Preprint
12. Shettle, E.P., "SBUV observations of polar mesospheric clouds compared with MLS temperature and water vapor measurements", vol doi:10.1029/2010GL044132, num 37, 2010. Reprint Preprint
13. Solomon, S., "Contributions of Stratospheric Water Vapor to Decadal Changes in the Rate of Global Warming", vol doi:10.1126/science.1182488, num 327, 2010. Reprint Preprint
14. Straub, C., "MIAWARA-C, a new ground based water vapor radiometer for measurement campaigns", vol doi:10.5194/amt-3-1271-2010, num 3, 2010. Reprint Preprint
15. Takashima, H., "A short-duration cooling event around the tropical tropopause and its effect on water vapor", vol doi:10.1029/2010GL044505, num 37, 2010. Preprint
16. Thomason, L.W., "An evaluation of the SAGE III Version 4 aerosol extinction coefficient and water vapor data products", num 10, 2010. Reprint Preprint
17. Van Thien, L., "Comparison of Aura MLS Water Vapor Measurements with GFS and NAM Analyses in the Upper Troposphere-Lower Stratosphere", vol doi:10.1175/2009JTECHA1317.1, num 27, 2010. Preprint

2009

1. Dessler, A.E., "Clouds and water vapor in the Northern Hemisphere summertime stratosphere", vol doi:10.1029/2009JD012075, num 113, 2009. Preprint
2. Eckermann, S.D., "High-altitude data assimilation system experiments for the northern summer mesosphere season of 2007", vol doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2008.09.036 , num 71, 2009. Reprint Preprint
3. Flury, T., "Ozone depletion, water vapor increase, and PSC generation at midlatitudes by the 2008 major stratospheric warming", vol doi:10.1029/2009JD011940, num 114, 2009. Preprint
4. Fueglistaler, S., "The Tropical Tropopause Layer", vol doi:10.1029/2008RG000267, num 47, 2009. Reprint Preprint
5. Haefele, A., "Validation of ground-based microwave radiometers at 22 GHz for stratospheric and mesospheric water vapor", vol doi:10.1029/2009JD011997 , num 114, 2009. Preprint
6. Hegglin, M.I., "A global view of the extratropical tropopause transition layer from Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer O3, H2O, and CO", vol doi:10.1029/2008JD009984, num 114, 2009. Reprint Preprint
7. Jones, A., "Evolution of stratospheric ozone and water vapour time series studied with satellite measurements", num 9, 2009. Reprint Preprint
8. Liu, C., "Implications of the day versus night differences of water vapor, carbon monoxide, and thin cloud observations near the tropical tropopause", vol doi:10.1029/2008JD011524, num 114, 2009. Preprint
9. Manney, G.L., "Aura Microwave Limb Sounder Observations of Dynamics and Transport During the Record-breaking 2009 Arctic Stratospheric Major Warming", vol doi:10.1029/2009GL038586, num 36, 2009. Reprint Preprint
10. Manney, G.L., "Satellite Observations and Modelling of Transport in the Upper Troposphere through the Lower Mesosphere During the 2006 Major Stratospheric Sudden Warming", num 9, 2009. Reprint Preprint
11. Morris, R.J., "Inter-hemispheric asymmetry in polar mesosphere summer echoes and temperature at 69<°> latitude", vol doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2008.09.042, num 71, 2009. Reprint Preprint
12. Pittman, J.V., "Electrification in Hurricanes: Implications for Water Vapor in the Tropical Tropopause Layer", 2009.
13. Pitts, M.C., "CALIPSO polar stratospheric cloud observations: second-generation detection algorithm and composition discrimination", num 9, 2009. Reprint Preprint
14. Remsberg, E.E., "On the quality of the Nimbus 7 LIMS Version 6 water vapor profiles and distributions", num 9, 2009. Reprint Preprint
15. Rydberg, B., "Non-Gaussian Bayesian retrieval of tropical upper tropospheric cloud ice and water vapour from Odin-SMR measurements", num 2, 2009. Preprint
16. Ryoo, J., "PDFs of Tropical Tropospheric Humidity: Measurements and Theory", vol doi:10.1175/2008JCLI2747.1, num 22, pgs. 12, 2009. Reprint Preprint
17. Strahan, S.E., "The impact of tropical recirculation on polar composition", num 9, 2009. Preprint
18. Su, H., "Radiative effects of upper tropospheric clouds observed by Aura MLS and CloudSat", vol doi:10.1029/2009GL037173, num 36, 2009. Reprint Preprint
19. Weinstock, E.M., "Validation of the Harvard Lyman-alpha in situ water vapor instrument: Implications for the mechanisms that control stratospheric water vapor", vol doi:10.1029/2009JD012427, num 114, 2009. Reprint Preprint

2008

1. Barnes, J.E., "NASA/Aura/Microwave Limb Sounder Water Vapor Validation at Mauna Loa Observatory by Raman Lidar", vol doi:10.1029/2007JD008842, num 113, 2008. Reprint Preprint
2. Coffey, M.T., "Airborne Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS) observations in support of EOS Aura validation", vol doi:10.1029/2007JD008833, num 113, 2008. Reprint Preprint
3. Considine, D.B., "Noncoincident validation of Aura MLS observations using the Langley Research Center Lagrangian chemistry and transport model", vol doi:10.1029/2007JD008770, num 113, 2008. Reprint Preprint
4. Ekstrom, M., "Altitude resolved ice-fraction in the uppermost tropical troposphere", vol doi:10.1029/2008GL034305, num 35, 2008. Preprint
5. Ekstrom, M., "Comparison of satellite limb-sounding humidity climatologies of the uppermost tropical troposphere", num 8, 2008. Preprint
6. Fetzer, E.J., "Comparison of upper tropospheric water vapor observations from the Microwave Limb Sounder and Atmospheric Infrared Sounder", vol doi:10.1029/2008JD010000, num 113, 2008. Reprint Preprint
7. Flury, T., "Water vapor transport in the lower mesosphere of the subtropics: a trajectory analysis", num 8, 2008. Preprint
8. Hegglin, M.I., "Validation of ACE-FTS satellite date in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (UTLS) using non-coincident measurements", num 8, 2008. Reprint Preprint
9. James, R., "Water vapor transport and dehydration above convective outflow during Asian monsoon", vol doi:10.1029/2008GL035441, num 35, 2008. Reprint Preprint
10. Manney, G.L., "The High Arctic in Extreme Winters: Vortex, Temperature, and MLS and ACE-FTS Trace Gas Evolution", num 8, 2008. Reprint Preprint
11. McCormack, J.P., "Parameterization of middle atmospheric water vapor photochemistry for high-altitude NWP and data assimilation", num 8, 2008. Preprint
12. Read, W.G., "The roles of convection, extratropical mixing, and in situ freeze-drying in the tropical tropopause layer", num 8, 2008. Reprint Preprint
13. Read, W.G., "The Roles of Convection, Extratropical Mixing, and In-Situ Freeze-drying in the Tropical Tropopause Layer", num 8, 2008. Reprint Preprint
14. Santee, M.L., "A study of stratospheric chlorine partitioning based on new", vol doi:10.1029/2007JD009057, num 113, 2008. Reprint Preprint
15. Schoeberl, M.R., "Comparison of lower stratospheric tropical mean vertical velocities", vol doi:10.1029/2008JD010221, num 113, 2008. Preprint
16. Schoeberl, M.R., "QBO and Annual Cycle Variations in Tropical Lower Stratosphere Trace Gases from HALOE and Aura MLS Observations", vol doi:10.1029/2007JD008678, num 113, 2008. Reprint Preprint
17. Schwartz, M.J., "Characterization of MJO-Related Upper-Tropospheric Hydrological Processes Using MLS", vol doi:10.1029/2008GL033675, num 35, 2008. Reprint Preprint

2007

1. Chandra, S., "Effects of the 2004 El Nino on tropospheric ozone and water vapor", vol doi:10.1029/2006GL028779, num 34, 2007. Preprint
2. Lambert, A., "Validation of the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder middle atmosphere water vapor and nitrous oxide measurements", vol doi:10.1029/2007JD008724, num 112, 2007. Preprint
3. Liu, C., "How do the water vapor and carbon monoxide 'tape recorders' start near the tropical tropopause", vol doi:10.1029/2006JD029234, num 34, 2007. Preprint
4. Manney, G.L., "Solar Occultation Satellite Data and Derived Meteorological Products: Sampling Issues and Comparisons with Aura MLS", vol doi:10.1029/2007JD008709, num 112, 2007. Reprint Preprint
5. Nedoluha, G.E., "A comparison of middle atmospheric water vapor as measured by WVMS, EOS-MLS, and HALOE", vol doi:10.1029/2007JD008757, num 112, 2007. Reprint Preprint
6. Pitts, M.C., "Characterization of Polar Stratospheric Clouds with spaceborne lidar: CALIPSO and the 2006 Antarctic season", num 7, 2007. Reprint Preprint
7. Read, W.G., "Aura Microwave Limb Sounder upper tropospheric and lower stratospheric H2O and relative humidity with respect to ice validation", vol doi:10.1029/2007JD008752, num 112, 2007. Reprint Preprint Abstract
8. Vomel, H., "Validation of Aura MLS Water Vapor by Balloon Borne Cryogenic Frostpoint Hygrometer Measurements", vol doi:10.1029/2007JD008698, num 112, 2007. Reprint Preprint
9. Wong, S., "Regulation of H₂O and CO in Tropical Tropopause Layer by the Madden-Julian Oscillation", vol doi:10.1029/2006JD007940, num 112, 2007. Preprint
10. Ziemke, J.R., "Intra-seasonal variability in tropospheric ozone and water vapor in the tropics", vol doi:10.1029/2007GL030965, num 34, 2007. Preprint

2006

1. Cofield, R.E., "Design and field-of-view calibration of 114-660 GHz optics of the Earth Observing System Microwave Limb Sounder", num 44, pgs. no. 5, 2006. Preprint
2. Folkins, I., "Testing convective parameterizations with tropical measurements of HNO3, CO, H2O, and O3: Implications fotr the water vapor budget", vol doi:10.1029/2006JD007325, num 111, 2006. Reprint Preprint
3. Froidevaux, L., "Early validation analyses of atmospheric profiles from EOS MLS on the Aura satellite", num 44, pgs. no. 5, 2006. Preprint
4. Fu, R., "Short circuit of water vapor and polluted air to the global stratosphere by convective transport over the Tibetan Plateau", num 103, 2006. Reprint Preprint
5. Garrett, T.J., "A redistribution of water due to pileus cloud near the tropopause", num 5, 2006. Reprint Preprint
6. Garrett, T.J., "Convective formation of pileus cloud near the tropopause", num 6, 2006. Reprint Preprint
7. Hilsenrath, E., "Early Data from Aura and Continuity from UARS and TOMS", vol doi:10.1007/s11214-006-9074-1, num 125, 2006. Reprint Preprint
8. Jimenez, C.J., "EOS MLS observations of dehydration in the 2004-2005 polar winters", vol doi:10.1029/2006GL025926, num 33, 2006. Reprint Preprint
9. Manney, G.L., "EOS Microwave Limb Sounder Observations of 'frozen-in' anticyclone air in Arctic summer", vol doi:10.1029/2005GL025418, num 33, 2006. Preprint Abstract
10. Oikonomou, E.K., "Evaluation of ozone and water vapor fields from the ECMWF reanalysis ERA-40 during 1991-1999 in comparison with UARS satellite and MOZAIC aircraft observations", vol doi:10.1029/2004JD005341, num 111, 2006. Reprint Preprint
11. Su, H., "Enhanced positive water vapor feedback associated with tropical deep convection: New evidence from Aura MLS", vol doi:10.1029/2005GL025505, num 33, 2006. Preprint
12. Su, H., "Relationships of upper tropospheric water vapor, clouds and SST: MLS observations, ECMWF analyses and GCM simulations", vol doi:10.1029/2006GL027582, num 33, 2006. Preprint

2005

1. Folkins, I., " The Vertical Structure of Tropical Convection and Its Impact on the Budgets of Water Vapor and Ozone", num 62, 2005. Preprint
2. Manney, G.L., "EOS Microwave Limb Sounder Observations of the Antarctic Polar Vortex Breakup in 2004", vol doi:10.1029/2005GL022823, num 32, 2005. Preprint
3. Santee, M.L., "Polar processing and development of the 2004 Antarctic ozone hole: First results from Aura MLS", vol doi:10.1029/2005GL022582, num 32, 2005. Preprint
4. Waugh, D.W., "Impact of potential vorticity intrusions on subtropical upper tropospheric humidity", vol doi:10.1029/2004JD005664, num 110, 2005. Preprint
5. Wu, D.L., "Interannual and Seasonal Variations of Diurnal Tide, Gravity Wave, Ozone, and Water Vapor as Observed by MLS during 1991-1994", num 35, 2005. Preprint

2004

1. Dessler, A.E., "Effect of convection on the summertime extratropical lower stratosphere", vol doi:10.1029/2004JD005209, num 109, 2004. Preprint
2. Eguchi, N., "Intraseasonal variations of water vapor and cirrus clouds in the tropical upper troposphere", vol doi:10.1029/2003JD004314, num 109, 2004. Preprint
3. Jiang, J.H., "Geographical Distribution and Inter-Seasonal Variability of Tropical Deep Convection: UARS MLS Observations and Analyses", vol doi:10.1029/2003JD003756, num 109, 2004. Preprint
4. Minschwaner, K., "Water Vapor Feedback in the Tropical Upper Troposphere: Model Results and Observations", num 17, 2004. Preprint
5. Read, W.G., "A New 147-56 hPa Water Vapor Product from the UARS Microwave Limb Sounder", vol doi:10.1029/2003JD004366, num 109, 2004. Preprint
6. Read, W.G., "Dehydration in the Tropical Tropopause Layer: Implications from UARS MLS", vol doi:10.1029/2003JD004056, num 109, 2004. Preprint

2003

1. Clark, H.L., "Cirrus and water vapor in the tropical tropopause layer observed by the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite", vol doi:10.1029/2003JD003748, num 108, pgs. D24, 2003. Preprint
2. Clark, H.L., "Upper-Tropospheric Humidity from MLS and ECMWF Reanalysis", num 131, 2003. Preprint
3. Limpasuvan, V., "Two-day wave observations of UARS Microwave Limb Sounder mesospheric water vapor and temperature", vol doi:10.1029/2002JD002903, num 108, pgs. D10, 2003. Preprint
4. Salby, M., "Fluctuations of Cloud, Humidity, and Thermal Structure near the Tropical Tropopause", num 16, 2003. Preprint

2002

1. Folkins, I., "A simple explanation for the increase in relative humidity between 11 and 14 km in the tropics", vol doi:10.1029/2002JD002185, num 107, pgs. D23, 2002. Preprint
2. Kley, D., "SPARC assessment of upper tropospheric and stratospheric water vapour", num 2, pgs. WMO/ICSU/IOC, 2002.
3. Michelsen, H.A., "ATMOS Version 3 water vapor measurements: Comparisons with observations from two ER-2 Lyman-alpha hygrometers, MkIV, HALOE, SAGE II, MAS, and MLS", vol doi:10.1029/2001JD000587, num 107, pgs. D3, 2002. Preprint
4. Offerman, D., "Water vapor at the tropopause during the CRISTA 2 mission", vol doi:10.1029/2001JD000700, num 107, pgs. D23, 2002. Preprint
5. Sassi, F., "Influence of the Madden-Julian Oscillation on upper tropospheric humidity", vol doi:10.1029/2001JD001331, num 107, pgs. D23, 2002. Preprint
6. Spichtinger, P., "The statistical distribution law of relative humidity in the global tropopause region", vol doi:10.1127/0941-2948/2002/0011-0083, num 11, 2002.

2001

1. Clark, H.L., "Water vapour in the tropical lower stratosphere during the driest phase of the atmospheric 'tape recorder'", num 106, pgs. D19, 2001. Preprint
2. Folkins, I., "Origin of Lapse Rate Changes in the Upper Tropical Tropopause", num 59, 2001. Preprint
3. Gettleman, A., "El-Nino as a natural experiment for studying the Tropical Tropause Region", num 14, 2001. Preprint
4. Lee, A.M., "The impact of the mixing properties within the Antarctic stratospheric vortex on ozone loss in spring", num 106, pgs. D3, 2001. Preprint
5. Pawson, S., "The Tropical Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere in the GEOS-2 GCM", num 27, 2001. Preprint
6. Read, W.G., "UARS Microwave Limb Sounder Upper Tropospheric Humidity Measurement: Method and Validation", num 106, pgs. D23, 2001. Reprint Preprint
7. Sassi, F., "Relationship between upper tropospheric humidity and deep convection", num 106, pgs. D15, 2001. Reprint Preprint
8. Stone, E.M., "The onset, extent and duration of dehydration in the Southern Hemisphere polar vortex", num 106, pgs. D19, 2001. Reprint Preprint

2000

1. Dessler, A.E., "Simulations of tropical upper tropospheric humidity", num 105, pgs. D15, 2000. Reprint Preprint
2. Gettleman, A., "Simulations of water vapor in the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere", num 105, pgs. D7, 2000. Preprint
3. Gray, L.J., "A model study of the influence of the quasi-biennial oscillation on trace gas distributions in the middle and upper stratosphere", num 105, pgs. D4, 2000. Preprint
4. Kley, D., "SPARC Assessment of Upper Tropospheric and Stratospheric Water Vapor", 2000.
5. McCormack, J.P., "The influence of convective outflow on water vapor mixing ratios in the tropical upper troposphere: An analyses based on UARS MLS measurements", num 27, 2000. Preprint
6. Morris, G.A., "Trajectory Mapping: A tool for validation of trace gas observations", num 105, pgs. D14, 2000. Preprint
7. Mote, P.W., "Intraseasonal Variations of Water Vapor in the Tropical Upper Troposphere and Tropopause Region", num 105, pgs. D13, 2000. Reprint Preprint
8. Pan, L.L., "The seasonal cycle of water vapor and saturation mixing ratio in the extratropical lowermost stratosphere", num 105, pgs. D21, 2000. Preprint
9. Pumphrey, H.C., "Lower stratospheric water vapor measured by UARS MLS", num 27, 2000. Preprint
10. Sandor, B.J., "Upper Tropospheric Humidity and Thin Cirrus", num 27, 2000. Preprint
11. Stone, E.M., "Spatial distributions of upper tropospheric water vapor measurements from the UARS Microwave Limb Sounder", num 105, pgs. D10, 2000. Preprint
12. Zhu, Y., "Factors controlling upper tropospheric water vapor", num 13, 2000. Preprint

1999

1. Chen, M., "Seasonal variations of upper tropospheric water vapor and high clouds observed from satellites", num 104, pgs. D6, 1999. Preprint
2. Jensen, E.J., "High humidities and subvisible cirrus near the tropical tropopause", num 26, pgs. D15, 1999. Preprint
3. Khattatov, B.V., "Assimilation of photochemically active species and a case analysis of UARS data", num 104, pgs. D15, 1999. Reprint Preprint
4. Mlynczak, M.G., "A Detailed Evaluation of the Stratospheric Heat Budget, 2. Global Radiation Balance and Diabatic Circulations", num 104, pgs. D6, 1999. Preprint
5. Plane, J., "Mesospheric Na Layer at 40 degrees N: Modelling and Observations", num 104, pgs. D3, 1999. Preprint
6. Pumphrey, H.C., "Instrumental and spectral parameters: their effect on and measurement by microwave limb sounding of the atmosphere", num 64, 1999. Preprint
7. Pumphrey, H.C., "Validation of a new prototype water vapor rertrieval for the UARS Microwave Limb Sounder", num 104, pgs. D8, 1999. Preprint
8. Pumphrey, H.C., "Validation of a new prototype water vapour retrieval for UARS MLS", num 104, pgs. D8, 1999. Preprint

1998

1. Chandra, S., "Effects of 1997-1998 El Nino on tropospheric ozone and water vapor", num 25, 1998. Preprint
2. Chen, M., "Upper Tropospheric Water Vapor from GEOS Reanalysis and UARS MLS Observation", num 103, pgs. D16, 1998. Reprint Preprint
3. Clark, H.L., "Variability of water vapor in the tropical upper troposphere as measured by the Microwave Limb Sounder on UARS", num 103, pgs. D24, 1998. Reprint Preprint
4. Haas, M.R., "A High-Altitude Site Survey for SOFIA", num 110, 1998. Preprint
5. Hu, H., "The impact of upper tropospheric humidity from Microwave Limb Sounder on the midlatitude greenhouse effect", num 25, 1998. Preprint
6. Manney, G.L., "The 4-Day Wave and Transport of UARS Tracers in the Austral Polar Vortex", num 55, 1998. Preprint
7. Morrey, M.W., "Interhemispheric differences in stratospheric water vapour during late winter, in version 4 MLS measurements", num 25, 1998. Preprint
8. Mote, P.W., "Sub-seasonal variations in lower stratospheric water vapor", num 25, 1998. Preprint
9. Nair, H., "Localized Rapid Ozone Loss in the Northern Winter Stratosphere: An Analysis of UARS Observations", num 103, pgs. D1, 1998. Preprint
10. Pumphrey, H.C., "A preliminary zonal mean climatology of water vapour in the stratosphere and mesosphere", num 21, 1998. Preprint
11. Pumphrey, H.C., "Nonlinear retrievals of water vapour from the UARS Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS)", num 21, 1998. Preprint
12. Randel, W.J., "Seasonal Cycles and QBO Variations in Stratospheric CH₄ and H₂O Observed in UARS HALOE Data", num 55, 1998. Preprint
13. Ricaud, P., "Stratosphere over Dumont d'Urville, Antarctica, in winter 1992", num 103, pgs. D11, 1998. Preprint
14. Sandor, B.J., "Seasonal Behavior of Tropical to Mid-Latitude Upper Tropospheric Water Vapor from UARS MLS", num 103, pgs. D20, 1998. Reprint Preprint

1997

1. Nedoluha, G.E., "A comparative study of mesospheric water vapor measurements from the ground-based water vapor millimeter-wave spectrometer and space-based instruments", num 102, pgs. D14, 1997. Reprint Preprint
2. Newell, R.E., "Relationship between tropical upper tropospheric moisture and eastern tropical Pacific sea surface temperature on seasonal and interannual time scales", num 24, 1997. Preprint
3. Pumphrey, H.C., "Water Vapour and Ozone in the Mesosphere as measured by UARS MLS", num 24, 1997. Preprint
4. Rood, R.B., "Synoptic-Scale Mass Exchange from the Troposphere to the Stratosphere", num 102, pgs. D19, 1997. Reprint Preprint

1996

1. Elson, L.S., "Space-time variations in water vapor as observed by the UARS Microwave Limb Sounder", num 101, pgs. D4, 1996. Preprint
2. Eluszkiewicz, J., "Residual circulation in the stratosphere and lower mesosphere as diagnosed from Microwave Limb Sounder data", num 53, 1996. Preprint
3. Lahoz, W.A., "Validation of UARS Microwave Limb Sounder 183 GHz H₂O measurements", num 101, pgs. D6, 1996. Preprint
4. Lahoz, W.A., "Vortex dynamics and the evolution of water vapour in the stratosphere of the southern hemisphere", num 122, 1996.
5. Massie, S.T., "Validation studies using multiwavelength Cryogenic Limb Array Etalon Spectrometer (CLAES) observations of stratospheric aerosol", num 101, pgs. D6, 1996. Preprint
6. Mote, P.W., "An atmospheric tape recorder: the imprint of tropical tropopause temperatures on stratospheric water vapor", num 101, pgs. D2, 1996. Preprint
7. Newell, R.E., "Upper tropospheric water vapor and cirrus: Comparison of DC-8 Observations, preliminary UARS microwave limb sounder measurements and meteorological analyses", num 101, pgs. D1, 1996. Preprint
8. Newell, R.E., "Walker circulation and tropical upper tropospheric water vapor", num 101, pgs. D1, 1996. Preprint
9. Schoeberl, M.R., "The development of the Antarctic ozone hole", num 101, pgs. D15, 1996. Preprint
10. Stone, E.M., "Baroclinic wave variations observed in MLS upper tropospheric water vapor", num 23, 1996. Preprint

1995

1. Carr, E.S., "Tropical stratospheric water vapor measured by the microwave limb sounder (MLS)", num 22, 1995. Preprint
2. Limpasuvan, V., "Observations of the two-day wave near the southern summer stratopause", num 22, 1995. Preprint
3. Manney, G.L., "Lagrangian transport calculations using UARS data. Part I: Passive tracers", num 52, 1995. Preprint
4. Morris, G.A., "Trajectory mapping of Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) data", num 100, pgs. D8, 1995. Preprint
5. Mote, P.W., "Seasonal variation of water vapour in the tropical lower stratosphere", num 22, 1995. Preprint
6. Randel, W.J., "Ozone and temperature changes in the stratosphere following the eruption of Mount Pinatubo", num 100, pgs. D8, 1995. Preprint
7. Read, W.G., "Upper-tropospheric water vapor from UARS MLS", num 76, 1995. Preprint
8. Ricaud, P.D., "Polar stratospheric clouds as deduced from MLS and CLAES measurements", num 22, 1995. Preprint
9. Rosenlof, K.H., "Seasonal cycle of the residual mean meridional circulation in the stratosphere", num 100, pgs. D3, 1995. Preprint
10. Santee, M.L., "Interhemispheric differences in polar stratospheric HNO3, H2O, ClO and O3", num 267, 1995. Preprint

1994

1. Lahoz, W.A., "Three-dimensional evolution of water vapour distributions in the northern hemisphere as observed by MLS", num 51, 1994. Preprint
2. Massie, S., "Spectral signatures of polar stratospheric clouds and sulfate aerosol", num 51, 1994. Preprint

1993

1. Elson, L.S., "The use of Fourier transforms for asynoptic mapping: Early results from the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite Microwave Limb Sounder", num 98, 1993. Reprint Preprint
2. Harwood, R.S., "Springtime stratospheric water vapour in the southern hemisphere as measured by MLS", num 20, 1993. Reprint Preprint
3. Lahoz, W.A., "Northern hemisphere mid-stratosphere vortex processes diagnosed from H₂O, N₂O and potential vorticity", num 23, 1993. Reprint Preprint
4. Randel, W.J., "Stratospheric transport from the tropics to middle latitudes by planetary-wave mixing", num 365, 1993. Preprint

1980

1. Waters, J.W., "Measurements of upper atmospheric H₂O emission at 183 GHz", 1980.