Microwave Limb Sounder

Contact: Michael Schwartz for upper troposphere, lower stratosphere
Hugh Pumphrey for upper stratosphere, mesosphere

Basic Information CO is a long-lived tracer that is valuable for diagnosing atmospheric transport and idenfying the source of air masses. In the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere CO is a measure of pollution that has upwelled from the boundary layer. In the upper stratosphere and mesosphere it is a measure of CO that has been produced by CO2 photodissociation in the thermosphere.

The CO Molecule

The standard product for version 1.5 CO is taken from the 240 GHz (Core+R3) retrieval. Simulations indicate good closure for CO in the stratosphere and upper troposphere, typically to better than ~20 ppbv. There is large scatter in the upper atmosphere, and there are oscillations in the mesosphere. In the winter upper stratosphere, where CO-rich air has descended from the mesosphere/thermosphere, large biases and scatter are seen.

(map from 2005d028)

CO Information from the Spectroscopy Database Product Information Line Listing

Future Publications

1. Huang, J., "Large-Scale Covariability between Aerosol and Precipitation Over the 7-SEAS Region: Observations and Simulations", Not yet published. Reprint Supplemental
2. Massie, S.T., "A-Train Satellite Observations of Very Little Cloud Invigoration by Aerosols", Not yet published. Reprint Supplemental

2011

1. Gettelman, A., "The Extratropical Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere", num 49, 2011. Reprint Preprint
2. Huang, L., "Geographic and seasonal distributions of CO transport pathways and their roles in determining CO centers in the upper troposphere", vol doi:10.5194/acpd-11-32423-2011, num 11, 2011. Reprint Preprint
3. Jiang, J.H., "Influence of convection and aerosol pollution on ice cloud particle effective radius", vol doi:10.5194/acp-11-457-2011, num 11, 2011. Reprint Preprint
4. Jin, J.J., "Seasonal Variation of Trans-Pacific Transport of Carbon Monoxide (CO) in the Upper Troposphere: MLS Observations and GEOS-Chem and GEM-AQ simulations", vol doi:10.5194/acpd-11-3219-2011, num 11, pgs. 1, 2011. Reprint Preprint
5. Jones, A., "Analysis of HCl and ClO time series in the upper stratosphere using satellite data sets", num 11, 2011. Preprint
6. Lee, J.N., "Aura Microwave Limb Sounder Observations of the Polar Middle Atmosphere: Dynamics and Transport of CO and H2O", vol doi:10.1029/2010JD014608, num 116, 2011. Reprint Preprint
7. Michou, M., "A new version of the CNRM Chemistry-Climate Model, CNRM-CCM: description and improvements from the CCMVal-2 simulations", vol doi:10.5194/gmdd-4-1129-2011, num 4, 2011. Preprint
8. Pumphrey, H.C., "Microwave Limb Sounder observations of biomass-burning products from the Australian bush fires of February 2009", vol doi:10.5194/acp-11-6285-2011, num 11, pgs. 2, 2011. Reprint Preprint
9. Ren, S., "The impact of gravity wave drag on mesospheric analyses of the 2006 stratospheric major warming", vol doi:10.1029/2011JD015943, num 116, 2011. Preprint
10. Zhang, L., "Impacts of 2006 Indonesian fires and dynamics on tropical upper tropospheric carbon monoxide and ozone", vol doi:10.5194/acp-11-10929-2011, pgs. 11, 2011. Preprint

2010

1. Barret, B., "Impact of West African Monsoon convective transport and lightning NOx production upon the upper tropospheric composition: a multi-model study", vol doi:10.5194/acp-10-5719-2010, num 10, 2010. Reprint Preprint
2. Claeyman, M., "A linear CO chemistry parameterization in a chemistry-transport model: evaluation and application to data assimilation", vol doi:10.5194/acp-10-6097-2010, num 10, 2010. Preprint
3. Damiani, A., "Variability of the nighttime OH layer and mesospheric ozone at high latitudes during northern winter: influence of meteorology", vol doi:10.5194/acp-10-10291-2010, num 10, 2010. Reprint Preprint
4. Gonzi, S., "Vertical transport of surface fire emissions observed from space", vol doi:10.1029/2009JD012053, num 115, 2010. Preprint
5. Jiang, J.H., "Influence of convection and aerosol pollution on ice cloud particle effective radius", vol doi:10.5194/acpd-10-1-2010, num 10, 2010. Reprint Preprint
6. Liu, J., "Analysis of CO in the tropical troposphere using Aura satellite data and the GEOS-Chem model: insights into transport characteristics of the GEOS meteorological products", vol doi:10.5194/acp-10-12207-2010, num 10, 2010. Preprint
7. Luo, M., "Interpretation of Aura satellite observations of CO and aerosol index related to the December 2006 Australia fires", vol doi:10.1016/j.rse.2010.07.003, num 114, 2010. Reprint Preprint
8. Minschwaner, K., "The photochemistry of carbon monoxide in the stratosphere and mesosphere evaluated from observations by the Microwave Limb Sounder on the Aura satellite", vol doi:10.1029/2009JD012654, num 115, 2010. Reprint Preprint
9. Ott, L., "Influence of the 2006 Indonesian biomass burning aerosols on tropical dynamics studies with the GEOS-5 AGCM", vol doi:10.1029/2009JD013181, num 115, 2010. Reprint Preprint
10. Tian, W., "Effects of stratosphere-troposphere chemistry coupling on tropospheric ozone", vol doi:10.1029/2009JD013515, num 115, 2010. Reprint Preprint

2009

1. Chandra, S., "Effects of the 2006 El Nino on tropospheric ozone and carbon monoxide: implications for dynamics and biomass burning", num 9, 2009. Reprint Preprint
2. Hegglin, M.I., "A global view of the extratropical tropopause transition layer from Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer O3, H2O, and CO", vol doi:10.1029/2008JD009984, num 114, 2009. Reprint Preprint
3. Jiang, J.H., "Aerosol-CO relationship and aerosol effect on Ice cloud particle size: Analyses from Aura Microwave Limb Sounder and Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer observations", vol doi:10.1029/2009JD012421, num 114, 2009. Reprint Preprint
4. Jin, J.J., "Comparison of CMAM simulations of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrous oxide (N2O), and methane (CH4) with observations from Odin/SMR, ACE-FTS, and Aura/MLS", num 9, 2009. Preprint
5. Liu, C., "Implications of the day versus night differences of water vapor, carbon monoxide, and thin cloud observations near the tropical tropopause", vol doi:10.1029/2008JD011524, num 114, 2009. Preprint
6. Manney, G.L., "Aura Microwave Limb Sounder Observations of Dynamics and Transport During the Record-breaking 2009 Arctic Stratospheric Major Warming", vol doi:10.1029/2009GL038586, num 36, 2009. Reprint Preprint
7. Manney, G.L., "Satellite Observations and Modelling of Transport in the Upper Troposphere through the Lower Mesosphere During the 2006 Major Stratospheric Sudden Warming", num 9, 2009. Reprint Preprint
8. Park, M., "Transport pathways of carbon monoxide in the Asian summer monsoon diagnosed from Model of Ozone and Related Tracers (MOZART)", vol doi:10.1029/2008JD010621, num 114, 2009. Preprint
9. Pumphrey, H.C., "An all-sky survey at 230 GHz by MLS on Aura", vol doi:101016/j.asr.2008.11.010, num 43, 2009. Reprint Preprint
10. Singh, H.B., "Chemistry and transport of pollution over the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific: spring 2006 INTEX-B campaign overview and first results", num 9, 2009. Preprint
11. Worden, J., "Observed vertical distribution of tropospheric ozone during the Asian summertime monsoon", vol doi:10.1029/2008JD010560, num 114, 2009. Reprint Preprint

2008

1. Barret, B., "Transport pathways of CO in the African upper troposphere during the monsoon season: a study based upon the assimilation of spaceborne observations", num 8, 2008. Reprint Preprint
2. Clerbaux, C., "CO measurements from the ACE-FTS satellite instrument: data analysis and validation using ground-based, airborne and spaceborne observations", num 8, 2008. Preprint
3. Hegglin, M.I., "Validation of ACE-FTS satellite date in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (UTLS) using non-coincident measurements", num 8, 2008. Reprint Preprint
4. Jiang, J.H., "Clean and polluted clouds: relationships among pollution, ice cloud and precipitation in South America", vol doi:10.1029/2008GL034631, num 35, 2008. Reprint Preprint
5. Livesey, N.J., "Validation of Aura Microwave Limb Sounder O3 and CO observations in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere", vol doi:10.1029/2007JD008805, num 113, 2008. Reprint Preprint
6. Manney, G.L., "The High Arctic in Extreme Winters: Vortex, Temperature, and MLS and ACE-FTS Trace Gas Evolution", num 8, 2008. Reprint Preprint
7. Pumphrey, H.C., "The tropical tape recorder observed in HCN", vol doi:10.1029/2007GL032137, num 35, 2008. Reprint Preprint
8. Read, W.G., "The roles of convection, extratropical mixing, and in situ freeze-drying in the tropical tropopause layer", num 8, 2008. Reprint Preprint
9. Read, W.G., "The Roles of Convection, Extratropical Mixing, and In-Situ Freeze-drying in the Tropical Tropopause Layer", num 8, 2008. Reprint Preprint
10. Schoeberl, M.R., "QBO and Annual Cycle Variations in Tropical Lower Stratosphere Trace Gases from HALOE and Aura MLS Observations", vol doi:10.1029/2007JD008678, num 113, 2008. Reprint Preprint

2007

1. Duncan, B.N., "Model study of the cross-tropopause transport of biomass burning pollution", num 7, 2007. Reprint Preprint
2. Jiang, J.H., "Connecting surface emissions, convective uplifting, and long-range transport of carbon monoxide in the upper-troposphere: New observations from the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder", vol doi:10.1029/2007GL030638, num 34, 2007. Reprint Preprint
3. Liu, C., "How do the water vapor and carbon monoxide 'tape recorders' start near the tropical tropopause", vol doi:10.1029/2006JD029234, num 34, 2007. Preprint
4. Manney, G.L., "Solar Occultation Satellite Data and Derived Meteorological Products: Sampling Issues and Comparisons with Aura MLS", vol doi:10.1029/2007JD008709, num 112, 2007. Reprint Preprint
5. Pumphrey, H.C., "Validation of middle-atmosphere carbon monoxide retrievals from MLS on Aura", vol doi:10.1029/2007JD008723, num 112, 2007. Reprint Preprint
6. Ricaud, P., "Impact of land convection on troposphere-stratosphere exchange in the tropics", num 7, 2007. Preprint
7. Wong, S., "Regulation of H₂O and CO in Tropical Tropopause Layer by the Madden-Julian Oscillation", vol doi:10.1029/2006JD007940, num 112, 2007. Preprint

2006

1. Barret, B., "Intercomparisons of Trace Gas Profiles from the Odin/SMR and Aura/MLS Limb Sounders", vol doi:10.1029/2006JD007305, num 111, 2006. Reprint Preprint
2. Cofield, R.E., "Design and field-of-view calibration of 114-660 GHz optics of the Earth Observing System Microwave Limb Sounder", num 44, pgs. no. 5, 2006. Preprint
3. Folkins, I., "Seasonal cycles of O₃, CO, and convective outflow at the tropical tropopause", vol doi:10.1029/2006GL026602, num 33, 2006. Reprint Preprint
4. Froidevaux, L., "Early validation analyses of atmospheric profiles from EOS MLS on the Aura satellite", num 44, pgs. no. 5, 2006. Preprint
5. Fu, R., "Short circuit of water vapor and polluted air to the global stratosphere by convective transport over the Tibetan Plateau", num 103, 2006. Reprint Preprint
6. Schoeberl, M.R., "The carbon monoxide tape recorder", vol doi:10.1029/2006GL026178, num 33, 2006. Reprint Preprint

2005

1. Filipiak, M.J., "Carbon Monoxide Measured by the EOS Microwave Limb Sounder on Aura: First Results", vol doi:10.1029/2005GL022765, num 32, 2005. Preprint
2. Li, Q.B., "Convective outflow of South Asian pollution: A global CTM simulation compared with EOS MLS observations", vol doi:10.1029/2005GL022762, num 32, 2005. Preprint